Browsing by Author "Quaranta, Giuseppe"
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Item Open Access Case studies to illustrate the rotorcraft certification by simulation process; CS 29/27 category A rejected take-off, confined area(German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics (DGLR: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt), 2023-09-07) White, Mark; Dadswell, Christopher; Padfield, Gareth; van’t Hoff, Stefan; Bakker, Richard; Lu, Linghai; Quaranta, Giuseppe; Podzus, PhilippThis paper is one of a set presented at the 49th European Rotorcraft Forum discussing results from the EU Clean Sky 2 project, Rotorcraft Certification by Simulation (RoCS). The process developed by the RoCS team provides guidance on the use of flight simulation in certification and features four case studies that illustrate aspects of the process applied using flight simulation models and flight test data provided by Leonardo Helicopters. This paper presents the case study for Rejected Take-Off (RTO): Category A in a Confined Area, for the relevant certification paragraphs in the EASA Certification Specifications CS-27 and CS-29. The relevant paragraphs from the Specifications are described and results from simulation model fidelity assessment, and updating compared with test data, are presented for a reference flight condition. Results from piloted simulation trials, with a ‘new’ Flight Test Manoeuvre (FTM), are included to illustrate flight simulator fidelity assessment methods and to illustrate how the Rotorcraft Certification by Simulation process can be achieved.Item Open Access Case studies to illustrate the rotorcraft certification by simulation process; CS 29/27 dynamic stability requirements(German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics (DGLR: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt), 2023-09-07) Lu, Linghai; Padfield, Gareth; White, Mark; Dadswell, Christopher; Quaranta, Giuseppe; van’t Hoff, Stefan; Podzus, PhilippThis paper is one of a set presented at the 49th European Rotorcraft Forum displaying results from the EU Clean Sky 2 project, Rotorcraft Certification by Simulation (RoCS). The process developed by the RoCS team provides guidance on the requirements for the use of simulation in certification and features four case studies that illustrate aspects of the process applied using flight simulation models and flight test data provided by Leonardo Helicopters. This paper presents the case study on Dynamic Stability, for the relevant certification paragraphs in the EASA Certification Specifications CS-27 and CS-29. The Dynamic Stability paragraphs from the Specifications are described and results from simulation model fidelity assessment, and updating compared with test data, are presented for a reference flight condition. The credibility of extrapolations of the flight simulation model results to conditions at higher altitude, different airspeeds and vertical rates of climb are then discussed. Preliminary results from piloted simulation trials, with a ‘new’ flight test manoeuvre, are included to illustrate flight simulator fidelity assessment methods and to explore the veracity of the stability margins set by the Certification Specifications.Item Open Access Case studies to illustrate the rotorcraft certification by simulation process; CS 29/27 low-speed controllability(German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics (DGLR: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt), 2023-09-07) van’t Hoff, Stefan; White, Mark; Dadswell, Christopher; Lu, Linghai; Padfield, Gareth; Quaranta, Giuseppe; Podzus, PhilippThis paper is one of a set presented at the 49th European Rotorcraft Forum discussing results from the EU Clean Sky 2 project, Rotorcraft Certification by Simulation (RoCS). The process developed by the RoCS team provides guidance on the use of flight simulation in certification and features four case studies that illustrate aspects of the process using flight simulation models and flight test data provided by Leonardo Helicopters. This paper presents the case study for the low-speed controllability requirements from the relevant certification paragraphs in the EASA Certification Specifications CS-27 and CS-29. Following an introduction of the related specifications, and the motivation behind seeking compliance supported by simulation, the various phases of the RCbS process are explored in more detail. The intent is to exercise aspects of the RoCS guidance in a practical application to investigate the implementation, and the strengths and limitations, given real-world constraints. Emphasis is placed on the Validation & Verification as well as the Credibility Assessment, taking into account test and simulation uncertainties. Results from piloted simulation trials are included to illustrate possible flight simulator fidelity assessment methods.Item Open Access Preliminary guidelines for a requirements-based approach to certification by simulation for rotorcraft(2022-09-08) van ’t Hoff, Stefan; Lu, Linghai; Padfield, Gareth D.; Podzus, Philipp; White, Mark D.; Quaranta, GiuseppeThe paper presents an introduction to the preliminary guidelines for rotorcraft certification by simulation developed by the partners of the Clean Sky 2 project Rotorcraft Certification by Simulation – RoCS . The guidelines are primarily aimed at the application of (rotorcraft) flight modelling and simulation in support of certification for compliance with standards CS-27 and CS-29, PART B (Flight) and other Flight-related aspects (e.g. CS-29, Appendix B, Airworthiness Criteria for Helicopter Instrument Flight). However, the guidelines are also applicable, in principle, to the certification of other types of rotorcraft, including tilt-rotors and e-VTOL configurations. A requirements-based approach is advocated and outlined, acknowledging the profound importance of assembling preliminary requirements, as complete as possible, before embarking on simulation development processes. The proposed approach presents examples of metrics for quantifying the fidelity that is ‘sufficient’ for application to relevant Applicable Certification Requirements (ACRs). The concept of ‘adaptive fidelity’ is introduced in this Guidance to emphasise that what might be sufficient is task-specific, and therefore ACR-specific. The paper introduces the structure of the proposed Rotorcraft Certification by Simulation process, together with the main concepts that guide applicants to the development of simulations that can be effectively employed to reduce the cost, timescales, complexity and risks that may be associated with certification performed solely though flight tests.Item Open Access Preliminary guidelines for the rotorcraft certification by simulation process: update no. 1, March 2023(Rotorcraft Certification by Simulation (RoCS), 2023-03) Padfield, Gareth D.; vant' Hoff, Stefan; Lu, Linghai; Podzus, Philip; White, Mark; Quaranta, GiuseppeThis document presents preliminary Guidance for the application of (rotorcraft) flight modelling and simulation in support of certification for compliance with standards CS-27 and CS-29, PART B (Flight) and other Flight related aspects (e.g. CS-29, Appendix B, Airworthiness Criteria for Helicopter Instrument Flight). The Guidance is presented in the form of a structured process, starting from the relevant paragraphs in the Certification Specifications, through a comprehensive description of the assembly of flight simulation requirements, informed by judgements on Influence, Predictability and Credibility, and on into the detailed building of the three major elements of the process: • the flight simulation model (FSM), • the flight simulator (FS), and • the flight test measurement system (FTMS). The FTMS feeds both the flight model and simulator development with real-world test data to support validation and fidelity assessment. A structured and systematic approach to data/configuration management and documentation is recommended, aided by the creation of the Rotorcraft Certification by Simulation (RCbS) project management plan. This is the first update of the RCbS Guidelines and includes modifications based on the first round of feedback received before and after the European Rotors RoCS workshop held in Cologne on November 9th 2022. The Guidelines will continue to be updated, as appropriate, with the next major revision to include exercising the process in case studies based on applicable certification requirements from EASA CS-27 and CS-29 (to appear in Section 10). In the current update, the RoCS team have also addressed the issue of resourcing the RCbS process (within Section 9) and suggested potential next steps for aspiring applicants (new Section 11).Item Open Access Rotorcraft flight simulation to support aircraft certification: a review of the state of the art with an eye to future applications(German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics (DGLR: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt), 2023-09-07) Rylko, Agata; van’t Hoff, Stefan; Lu, Linghai; Padfield, Gareth; Podzus, Philipp; White, Mark; Quaranta, GiuseppeThis paper presents the approach for Rotorcraft Certification by Simulation proposed within the RoCS project. In particular, the aspects of model validation and credibility assessment through the usage of uncertainty quantification techniques are reviewed, and some lesson learned are presented. It is shown that the increase of effort required to thoroughly evaluate the capability of the simulation model is often counterbalanced by the advantages of the insight that can be obtained and possibly exploited also for design purposes. It is shown that the numerical approaches, and in some cases even the tools required to perform the necessary uncertainty analyses are publicly available and can be directly employed. This paper is one of a set presented at the 49th European Rotorcraft Forum discussing results from the EU Clean Sky 2 project, Rotorcraft Certification by Simulation (RoCS).