Browsing by Author "Pinder, Sarah"
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Item Open Access Breast calcification micromorphology classification(British Institute of Radiology, 2022-07-25) Robert Scott, Robert Scott; Iain Lyburn, Iain Lyburn; Cornford, Eleanor; Bouzy, Pascaline; Stone, Nicholas; Greenwood, Charlene; Bouybayoune, Ihsanne; Pinder, Sarah; Rogers, KeithObjectives: The importance of consistent terminology in describing the appearance of breast calcifications in mammography is well recognised. Imaging of calcifications using electron microscopy is a globally growing field of research. We therefore suggest that the time is ripe to develop a lexicon of terms for classifying the micromorphology of breast calcifications. Methods: Calcifications within a wide range of histological sections of breast tissue, both benign and malignant, were imaged by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). These images were examined, and the micromorphology of calcifications present was grouped to create a classification system. Results: Based on the appearance of the calcifications observed, we propose five main categories for classification of the micromorphology of breast calcifications, namely Dense Homogenous, Punctulate, Banded, Spongy, and Aggregate. Conclusions: Use of the descriptive categories outlined here will help to ensure consistency and comparability of published observations on the micromorphology of breast calcifications. Advances in knowledge: This is the first time a lexicon and classification system has been proposed for the micromorphology of breast calcifications, as observed by scanning electron microscopy of histological sections. This will facilitate comparability of observed relationships between micromorphology, mammographic appearance, chemistry, and pathology.Item Open Access A multi-modal exploration of heterogeneous physico–chemical properties of DCIS breast microcalcifications(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022-03-21) Gosling, Sarah; Calabrese, Doriana; Nallala, Jayakrupakar; Greenwood, Charlene; Pinder, Sarah; King, Lorraine; Marks, Jeffrey; Pinto, Donna; Lynch, Thomas; Lyburn, Iain Douglas; Hwang, Shelley; Grand Challenge PRECISION Consortium; Rogers, Keith; Stone, NicholasDuctal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is frequently associated with breast calcification. This study combines multiple analytical techniques to investigate the heterogeneity of these calcifications at the micrometre scale. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to determine the physicochemical and crystallographic properties of type II breast calcifications located in formalin fixed paraffin embedded DCIS breast tissue samples. Multiple calcium phosphate phases were identified across the calcifications, distributed in different patterns. Hydroxyapatite was the dominant mineral, with magnesium whitlockite found at the calcification edge. Amorphous calcium phosphate and octacalcium phosphate were also identified close to the calcification edge at the apparent mineral/matrix barrier. Crystallographic features of hydroxyapatite also varied across the calcifications, with higher crystallinity centrally, and highest carbonate substitution at the calcification edge. Protein was also differentially distributed across the calcification and the surrounding soft tissue, with collagen and β-pleated protein features present to differing extents. Combination of analytical techniques in this study was essential to understand the heterogeneity of breast calcifications and how this may link crystallographic and physicochemical properties of calcifications to the surrounding tissue microenvironment.