Browsing by Author "Pagliari, Romano"
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Item Open Access Airport economic regulation and capital investment: lessons from the United Kingdom experience(International Center for Competitiveness Studies in the Aviation Industry, 2008-05) Pagliari, RomanoICCSAI´s annual Fact Book is a bianually updated and synthetic reference document on competition in the air transport industry of Europe. Special attention is given to the Italian context, although these data are discussed from an international perspective. This work is addressed to all players in the air transport industry. It presents detailed information on demand, supply, industry structure, and regulation policies. Moreover, we draw broad conclusions from these data and identify key questions for future research. We endeavor to approach topics debated in the literature from the standpoint of those who work in the air transport industry as operators or policy makers.Item Open Access Airport road access design solutions: a conceptual study of wayfinding systems(Unknown, 2014-06-06) Anuar, Nur Khairiel; Pagliari, Romano; Moxon, RichardThe growth of the airport in the world will have a significant impact on future road access design. Pressure by drivers for simplifying of airport wayfinding has led to the inclusion of basic road access design so as to reduce the cost. An effective of wayfinding is directly linked to the reduction in drivers’ travelling cost and number of road accidents. Drivers prefer an effective airport wayfinding system in airport areas to navigate easily. This has raised an aim to investigate ways in which airport road access design can be improved, through a conceptual study of both wayfinding design and signage information systems. It leads to the exploration of the new field of the study in order to propose appropriate guidelines and solutions on airport navigation with an emphasis on simplifying the wayfinding provision design in a future.Item Open Access The assessment of the relationship between information technology (IT) and airport performance(Cranfield University, 2016-12) Kaduoka, Carlos Yoshihiro; Pagliari, Romano; Lei, ZhengThe evolution of the airport business is demonstrated by airports that are adopting new business strategies and commercial models, which allow them to be, for example, service providers instead of real-estate managers, with the focus on cost reduction and increasing non-aeronautical (commercial) revenues. Information technology (IT) can be used by airports to achieve their business goals, such as enhancing performance by delivering cost reductions and generating additional revenue streams. Airports operate in an increasingly competitive and dynamic market, with the aim of attracting a larger share of hub traffic from neighbouring airports. Therefore, financial and operational performance will be key elements for airlines when choosing a new airport destination. The research shows that airports are more focused on passenger satisfaction, resulting in airport performance indicators that have the passenger at its operational core and performance targets (e.g. Airport Service Quality passenger satisfaction survey). IT plays an important role in increasing airport performance through the automation of processes such as the deployment of common-use check-in desks and self-service check-in kiosks. Studies of other industries have shown evidence that IT impacts firm performance, but there have been few studies related to the airport industry. Thus, the aim of this research is to assess the relationship between IT and airport performance, and it proposes a conceptual framework to assess the relationship between IT and airport performance by drawing from studies in other industries. Two methodologies were used in this research, the first one was the case study, and the second one was the online survey. The case studies consisted of 16 faceto- face interviews with senior staff representing two airports in Asia, one airport in Australia, and one airport in Europe. The case studies result show that there is a relationship between IT and airport performance ... [cont.].Item Open Access An assessment of Turkish Airlines: geographical location, fleet mix & international network(Elsevier, 2022-11-18) Uyan, Berkcan; Ellis, Darren; Pagliari, RomanoIstanbul-based Turkish Airlines (THY) is a major global carrier serving more international destinations than any other airline in the world, mostly from its new airport hub (IST). This paper aims to unpack and better understand this achievement by focusing on the airline's geographical location, fleet mix and international network scope. Although a range of other key metrics and/or factors could also generate valuable insights about THY, these three are particularly salient when it comes to explaining the number of international destinations it serves. Geopolitics would be a strong contender for inclusion here as well, although core competitors in the Gulf region and elsewhere share similar international relations, therefore, minimising the key insights available in this regard. The paper adopts a single case study approach whereby a deeper level assessment is made of the airline, including how these three core focal areas contribute to its global reach. Located at the point where Europe and Asia meet, Türkiye is home to over 80 million people, and has a significant domestic air market along with a thriving tourism industry. Operating a sizeable mixed fleet of narrow-body and wide-body aircraft, THY is able to capitalise on its home-base proximity to Europe, and its strong links further afield to North America and elsewhere, to create an extensive global network. Future potential growth exists into currently unserved air markets such as Australia (and the Southwest Pacific more widely), along with the expansion of its existing network in terms of capacity and frequency levels.Item Open Access Challenges of strategy implementation in the Saudi non-oil and gas industry: a qualitative investigation(2017-12) Alharthy, Abdullah H.; Pagliari, Romano; Rashid, HamadThe expanding pace of economic turbulence and increasing complexity of managing large organisations present challenges for business leaders in both developed and developing countries’ economies. This is particularly so for those that have been significantly dependant on oil and gas such as Saudi Arabia (KSA) where there is now a pressing need to diversify due to price volatility and the increased adoption of renewable sources of energy. Given the need for oil-dependent economies to diversify, greater attention needs to be focused on the performance of their non-oil and gas sectors. Using KSA as a case study, this research aims to develop a framework to facilitate effective strategy implementation through an exploration of aspects that improve strategy execution in the non-oil and gas sector. After exploring the process of strategy implementation through use of the grounded theory method, data was collected from semi-structured interviews and focus groups with senior management. The result of strategy formulation and implementation analysis identified 26 factors that affect strategy implementation in the Saudi non-oil and gas industry. The most obvious factors are: effective leadership style, a unified view of benefits realisation management, prioritising work activities, employee involvement and ownership (especially talent), efficiency in the allocation of resources, transparency and traceability of monitoring and control, the Saudi macro and micro environment, and the degree of communicational formality and frequency. This research makes an important contribution through the creation of a new theoretical framework titled ‘SIMPLE’, which functions as a pre-strategy execution checklist tool to achieve implementation success. Implementation success has a greater chance of being achieved if organisations are considered holistically and that there is sufficient appreciation of the social and human aspects, the need for communication, the environmental and cultural setting, as well as the organisation’s readiness for strategy implementation.Item Open Access A comparison of whole life cycle costs of robotic, semi-automated, and manual build airport baggage handling systems(Cranfield University, 2013-05) Bradley, Alexandre; Pagliari, Romano; Moxon, RichardThis thesis proposes that a baggage handling system (BHS) environment can be defined and coupled to a whole life cycle cost (WLCC NPV) model. The results from specific experiments using the model can be used as the basis by which to commercially compare BHS flight build types of any capacity, and BHS geographical location. The model examined the three flight build types(i): Fully automatic build2; (ii) Semi-automatic build, and(iii); Manual build. The model has the ability to calculate a bag flow busy hour rate, and to replicate the baggage flow characteristics observed within real BHS operations. Whole life cycle costs (WLCC NPV) results are produced, and these form the basis by which the comparison of BHS types is made. An overall WLCC NPV scatter diagram was produced, which is a summation of each of the test sensitivities. The assumptions and limitations of the analysis are provided. It is proposed that the results, conclusions and recommendations shall be of value to airports, airlines, and design consultants.Item Open Access Developments in the supply of direct international air services from airports in Scotland.(Elsevier, 2005-07) Pagliari, RomanoScotland's location, limited population size and absence of major base carriers have served to constrain the development of direct international air services. Air service liberalisation has altered the degree to which different segments of the international passenger market are served at each airport. Overall, air service provision has been enhanced by the activities of Ryanair at Prestwick, long-haul airlines operating to Glasgow and the use of regional jets by franchise carriers at Aberdeen and Edinburgh. These initiatives, to a large extent, were as a result of promotional efforts undertaken by the airport operators. The Scottish Executive-administered Interim Route Development Fund has been less effective in this regard.Item Open Access Direct, Moderating and Mediating Effects of Market Orientation on the Performance of Airports in Europe's Peripheral Areas(Haworth Press, Inc., 2008-12-31T00:00:00Z) Halpern, Nigel; Pagliari, RomanoAs a consequence of deregulation in the airline industry, market forces rather than public service considerations increasingly dictate routes serving airports in Europe's peripheral areas. The new market advocates market-driven management practices as a means of satisfying airline customers and implies that airports that adopt a more market-orientated approach than their rivals will perform better. This study investigates the relationship between market orientation and the performance of airports in Europe's peripheral areas. The research strategy was implemented using a questionnaire-based survey that was sent by email to managers at 214 airports. Usable responses from 84 airports were received and analysed. The findings demonstrate that market orientation has a significant and positive effect on performance, which is moderated by high levels of market turbulence and a focus on developing leisure services. The findings also demonstrate that the relationship between market orientation and performance is mediated by innovative marketing practices. The paper concludes with some implications for airport managers and recommendations for future research.Item Open Access Evaluating the potential impact of alternative airport pricing approaches on social welfare(Cranfield University, 2004-04) Lu, C-C; Pagliari, RomanoSome countries (e.g. the UK, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand) have recently reviewed how they regulate the pricing of aeronautical services (landing charges, aircraft parking charges, terminal facility charges etc.) at their principal airports. One major issue that has emerged from each of these reviews is whether it is preferable to adopt a single-till or dual-till approach to pricing aeronautical services. This thesis aims to analyse the potential loss of social welfare as a result of adopting the single-till approach and the dual-till approach under three airport pricing scenarios. A review of international experience of economic regulation of airports, as well as a qualitative discussion on the difference between the two approaches, has been undertaken. A mathematical model and a number of economic graphs have been constructed. The equations derived from the model show that the dual-till approach is desirable when aeronautical capacity is fully utilised or already over-utilised, while the single-till approach is preferable where there is excess capacity. London Heathrow Airport is taken as the subject of the case study. The results illustrate that the dual-till price was higher than the single-till price by 12% in 2001102, while the market-clearing price was higher than the single-till price by 75%. The differences between the two approaches are: (i) the potential loss of social welfare is less under the dual till than under the single till by 1.64% of aeronautical social welfare for the summer season, and 1.34% for the winter season; (ii) the excess demand is less by 3.0% of capacity; (iii) the average number of passengers per flight is increased by three; (iv) the profits for Heathrow Airport increase from £5.38 to £6.05 per passenger; and (v) the airlines' cost is higher by £0.67 per passenger, and airfares will be increased by up to £0.67. These estimates can be significantly affected by the level of average cost of aeronautical services (which is the dual-till price) and the airlines' valuation on slots (which influences the slope of the demand curve for aeronautical services) .Item Open Access An evaluation of airport wayfinding and signage on senior driver behaviour and safety of airport road access design(Hellenic Aviation Society, 2017-12-31) Anuar, Nur Khairiel; Pagliari, Romano; Moxon, RichardThe purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of different wayfinding provision on senior driving behaviour and road safety. A car driving simulator was used to model scenarios of differing wayfinding complexity and road design. Three scenario types were designed consisting of 3.8 miles of airport road. Wayfinding complexity varied due to differing levels of road-side furniture. Experienced car drivers were asked to drive simulated routes. Forty drivers in the age ranges: 50 to 54, 55 to 59 and those aged over 60 were selected to perform the study. Participants drove for approximately 20 minutes to complete the simulated driving. The driver performance was compared between age groups. Results were analysed by Mean, Standard Deviation and ANOVA Test, and discussed with reference to the use of the driving simulator. The ANOVA confirmed that age group has a correlation between road design complexity, driving behaviour and driving errors.Item Open Access Expert insights into the impact of aeropolitics on regional air market integration in ASEAN(Elsevier, 2023-12-28) Zuan, Haris; Ellis, Darren; Pagliari, RomanoBy 2015 the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) planned to achieve regional air transport liberalisation through the ASEAN Single Aviation Market (ASAM) to enhance connectivity, economic development and regional integration. However, progress on ASAM has not met initial expectations. To explore the factors influencing air market integration in ASEAN this paper focuses on the concept of aeropolitics, as the literature suggests it plays a significant role in shaping regional integration. A survey (n=50), supported by semi-structured in-depth interviews (n=15), were conducted amongst experts in Southeast Asia to examine the impact of key aeropolitical factors on regional air market integration in ASEAN. Respondents agreed on the importance of factors such as national interest, the influence of political elites with vested interests, regional identity and the involvement of superpowers. By examining experts' perceptions, this paper uncovers complexities and challenges related to the aeropolitical dynamics in ASEAN. Results unearthed a range of key insights and provide the basis for further research and policy development. Centrally, ASEAN is not following the European model with its supranational top-down approach, but rather is incrementally standardising and harmonising air transport across the region based on consensus and mutual interest under the umbrella of the ‘ASEAN way’. Progress for ASAM to date has been more than critics admit, yet less than supporters would like. Within these mixed results lies a story of regional integration that may hold important insights for other regions of the world.Item Open Access An exploratory analysis of the effects of ownership change on airport competition(Elsevier, 2019-04-09) Pagliari, Romano; Graham, Anne B.Common or group ownership of airports poses a particular challenge for policy-makers, in that consumers (airlines and passengers) may not have access to benefits that stem from a more competitive system (e.g. lower prices, higher quality of service). However, whilst the arguments for and against group versus individual operations are well known, there are only limited practical cases when a change from common to individual ownership has occurred. One such case is in Scotland where the ownership of Edinburgh and Glasgow airports was separated in 2012. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to undertake a comparative assessment of the impact of this ownership change on the nature of competition between the two airports for the period 2006–2017. Catchment areas overlap, so it was hypothesised that separate ownership would lead to a more intense competitive rivalry with consequent effects on route development, traffic growth, the level/structure of aeronautical charges, financial performance, capital investment and quality of service. A number of key performance indicators covering these areas have been analysed, both before and after 2012 to assess whether there is evidence of a more competitive environment. The main findings are (i) traffic and routes have increased at both airports, although their relative roles appear to have changed; (ii) published charge levels have increased (iii) aeronautical yield has increased at Edinburgh but declined at Glasgow; (iv) prices have diverged reflecting differences in core market price elasticities; strategies have also been driven by a broader financial imperative around maximising EBITDA given declining unit costs and stagnation in non-aeronautical yields; (vi) certain performance indicators suggest that efficiency and service quality have improved. The implications for policy-makers are that airport market re-structuring and ownership change will most likely lead to divergence in pricing and route development strategies.Item Open Access Flexible facility requirements for strategic planning of airport passenger terminal infrastructure(Taylor & Francis, 2023-11-30) Waltert, Manuel; Jimenez Perez, Edgar; Pagliari, RomanoFacility requirements determine how and when the capacity of airport passenger terminal facilities is adjusted over time to meet expected demand. Given high levels of uncertainty inherent in long-term airport planning, under and over provision of capacity is a recurrent risk, as conventional strategic planning methods fail to adapt dynamically to changing circumstances. This paper introduces a novel flexible capacity expansion model for airport terminals that considers simultaneously real options ‘on’ and ‘in’ systems. The model is validated for the provision of check-in facilities at Zurich Airport. Results confirm suggestions in the literature that incorporating flexibility creates planning and financial advantages over conventional alternatives. Indeed, for the case of Zurich, the financial value of the flexible alternative is approximately 5% higher than the best conventional phased plan. This also suggests that phasing developments can be carefully devised to produce satisfactory outcomes that enable ex-post application of flexibility ‘on’ systems.Item Open Access Framework development for improving arrival processing of pilgrims at Hajj and Umrah airport terminals(Cranfield University, 2020-06) Abudiyah, Alhussin K.; Moxon, Richard; Pagliari, RomanoMillions of Muslims around the world perform the Hajj, a mandatory religious journey to the holy city of Mecca, at least once in their lifetime. Therefore, hundreds of thousands of pilgrims arrive weekly at Jeddah and Medina Airports during the Hajj period determined by the Islamic calendar. Numerous research studies have been published on the health, security, risk management and logistics aspects of the mass gathering. However, studies on pilgrims’ wait times, flow and satisfaction at the Hajj and Umrah Terminals (HT)s are very limited. The research evaluating the inbound passenger domain is especially limited. Therefore, this study contributes to the literature by combining different perspectives regarding the inefficiency of HT processes. Furthermore, this study proposes and investigates various aspects to improve the processing of arriving passengers at HTs. It does so by identifying and studying the factors that impede the flow of passengers within these terminals from users’ and providers’ perspectives. This research aims to contribute by developing an innovative integrated framework to improve the flow of pilgrims through arrival terminals and determining how large crowds at airports can be better managed. To meet the study’s aims, a simulation model is developed to verify and confirm the performance of arrival passenger processes at HTs by conducting a mixedmethods analysis and integrating the numerical results of the agent-based and discrete-event simulation models. This study creates a problematic review matrix based on users’ and providers’ perspectives. In addition, the survey on providers’ perspectives indicates that there are five factors, human, infrastructure, operational, technical and organisational factors, influencing arrival passenger processes at HTs and interacting with level of service (LoS) variables. The study indicates the suboptimal processes at airport terminals to focus on the factors negatively affecting the HT processes. In addition, the research highlights the role of terminal configurations. This study compares two airports in terms of peak demand patterns. According to the study, sharp peaks can have strong negative impacts on HTs, while evenly distributed demand can improve LoS at HTs. The simulation model outcomes verify and confirm the parameters and factors influencing LoS. In addition, the study’s integrated framework provides diverse viewpoints on the operational processes at HTs, while the density map matrix helps to classify the processes. This study applies what-if scenarios to identify the impact of pilgrims’ experience and biometric characteristics and finds that inexperience and certain biometric characteristics have negative impacts on LoS. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are discussed.Item Open Access Geopolitics and the ASEAN single aviation market: Aspirations versus realities(Elsevier, 2021-12-08) Zuan, Haris; Ellis, Darren; Pagliari, RomanoThis paper aims to explore and identify the key geopolitical barriers and opportunities to greater regional integration amongst the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states by examining the case study of the ASEAN single aviation market (ASAM). This paper is based on an ongoing doctoral research project covering the topic. To date, ASEAN has implemented substantial liberalisation of its regional air transport market via an open skies policy, included as part of the ASEAN Community Project. This aims to not just foster connectivity and economic development, but ultimately to contribute to the building of a regional identity. While there has been some evident progress since the launch of the initiative in the region, the open skies agreement promoted as ASAM has not gained as much traction as projected, nor achieved its core stated aim of creating an effective single air transport market; a stated goal it initially planned to achieve by the end of 2015. Most of the literature explaining the divergence between key aspirations and realities in ASAM focuses on the economic regulation of international air transport in the region, and typically discusses these core considerations from the perspectives of law and policy. There are few substantial scholarly works that incorporate geopolitics, aeropolitics and/or diplomacy, all of which are important variables closely linked to the field of international relations. The geopolitical perspective on ASAM is still largely understudied, and this paper and the evolving research underpinning it, are intended to contribute to that identified gap.Item Open Access The impact of airline franchising on air service provision in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland(Elsevier, 2003-06) Pagliari, RomanoThe aim of this paper is to evaluate the impact of airline franchising on levels of air service provision in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. Results showed that while air carriers operating under franchise agreements were offering reduced levels of capacity, they were able, assisted by a more suitable mix of aircraft, to deliver significant service improvements. These improvements were manifested in the scheduling of more convenient flight times, a higher proportion of direct services and the introduction of new routes. Compared to the previous incumbent, franchised operators were also better able at managing capacity in relation to demand with increased load factors reported after 1993. The implications of these results is that little evidence could be identified of any substantial deterioration in service levels as a consequence of franchising.Item Open Access The impact of airport road wayfinding design on senior driver behaviour(Cranfield University, 2016-08) Anuar, Nur Khairiel; Pagliari, Romano; Moxon, RichardAirport road access wayfinding refers to a process in which a driver makes a decision to navigate using information support systems in order to arrive to airport successfully. The purpose of this research is to evaluate senior drivers’ behaviour of alternative airport road access designs. In order to evaluate the impact of wayfinding, the combination of simulated driving and completion of a questionnaire were performed. Quantitative data was acquired to give significant results justifying the research outcomes and allow non-biased interpretation of the research results. It represents the process within the development of the methodology and the concept of airport road access design and driving behaviour. Wayfinding complexity varied due to differing levels of road-side furniture. The simulated driving parameters measured were driving mistakes and performances of senior drivers. Three types of driving scenarios were designed consisting of 3.8 miles of airport road access. 40 senior drivers volunteered to undertake these tasks. The questionnaire was used as a supporting study to increase the reliability and validity of the research. Respondents who volunteered for the simulated driving test were encouraged to participate in the questionnaire sessions. The questionnaire was answered after each simulation test was completed. The Mean, Standard Deviation (SD) and Two-Way ANOVA test were used to analyse the results and discussed with reference to the use of the driving simulation. The results confirmed that age group has no significant effect of airport road access complexity design on driving behaviour. Although many studies have been conducted on wayfinding in general, a detailed evaluation on airport road access wayfinding network and driving behaviour in respect of senior drivers were still unexplored domains.Item Open Access The impact of airport road wayfinding on senior driver behaviour(Universiti Utara Malaysia, 2017-12-31) Anuar, Nur Khairiel; Sabar, Rohafiz; Pagliari, Romano; Moxon, RichardThe purpose of this study was to measure the impacts of airport road access design and wayfinding systems on senior driver performances. A car driving simulator was used to model scenarios of differing wayfinding complexity and road design. Three scenario types were designed consisting of 3.8 miles of airport road (i.e. approximately 4 minutes driving to complete each scenario). Experienced car drivers were asked to drive simulated routes.Forty drivers in the age ranges: 50 to 54, 55 to 59 and those aged over 60 were selected to perform the study.Participants drove for approximately 20 minutes to complete the simulated driving. The driver performance was compared between age groups. Results were analysed by Mean,Standard Deviation and ANOVA Test, and discussed with reference to the use of the driving simulator. The ANOVA results showed that in comparison of senior drivers‟ age group, there is a low impact between driving behaviour and road safety on airport road access wayfinding design.Item Open Access Influences on aircraft target off-block time prediction accuracy(Cranfield University, 2011-10) Groppe, Matthias; Pagliari, RomanoWith Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM) as a generic concept of working together of all airport partners, the main aim of this research project was to increase the understanding of the Influences on the Target Off-Block Time (TOBT) Prediction Accuracy during A-CDM. Predicting the TOBT accurately is important, because all airport partners use it as a reference time for the departure of the flights after the aircraft turn-round. Understanding such influencing factors is therefore not only required for finding measures to counteract inaccurate TOBT predictions, but also for establishing a more efficient A-CDM turn-round process. The research method chosen comprises a number of steps. Firstly, within the framework of a Cognitive Work Analysis, the sub-processes as well as the information requirements during turn-round were analysed. Secondly, a survey approach aimed at finding and describing situations during turn-round that are critical for TOBT adherence was pursued. The problems identified here were then investigated in field observations at different airlines’ operation control rooms. Based on the findings from these previous steps, small-scale human-in-the-loop experiments were designed aimed at testing hypotheses about data/information availability that influence TOBT predictability. A turn-round monitoring tool was developed for the experiments. As a result of this project, the critical chain of turn-round events and the decisions necessary during all stages of the turn-round were identified. It was concluded that information required but not shared among participants can result in TOBT inaccuracy swings. In addition, TOBT predictability was shown to depend on the location of the TOBT turn-round controller who assigns the TOBT: More reliable TOBT predictions were observed when the turn-round controller was physically present at the aircraft. During the experiments, TOBT prediction could be improved by eight minutes, if available information was cooperatively shared ten minutes prior turn-round start between air crews and turn-round controller; TOBT prediction could be improved by 15 minutes, if additional information was provided by ramp agents five minutes after turnround start.Item Open Access Low-cost carrier entry at small European airports: low-cost carrier effects on network connectivity and self-transfer potential(Elsevier, 2017-05-22) Zeigler, Patrick; Pagliari, Romano; Suau-Sanchez, Pere; Malighetti, Paolo; Redondi, RenatoAirport connectivity can improve the competitiveness of regions by attracting tourism and inward investment. Regions traditionally accessed international destinations via connecting flights to national gateway airports usually operated by full service network carriers (FSNC). However, the entry of low-cost carriers (LCC) in these markets has led to changes in incumbent FSNC service provision. We analyse how intra-European connectivity has changed at small airports between 2002 and 2012 and how LCC entry has affected the quality of day-return schedules in these markets. Results show that offline LCC connectivity is greater than that scheduled by FSNCs. Furthermore, LCC entry had a negative effect on the quality of the connectivity offered by FSNCs. Interestingly, we also found that day-return itineraries become more difficult for passengers in markets where the LCC is the sole operator. Regional policy-makers may need to more carefully consider the connectivity implications in the design of LCC start-up incentive schemes.