Browsing by Author "Norris, Karl"

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    Cheap as chips: an accessible chip off acquisition method for ball grid array (BGA) integrated circuits in digital investigations
    (Elsevier, 2022-11-11) Hadgkiss, Melissa; Morris, Sarah; Paget, Stacey; Ventress, Adrian; Norris, Karl
    Chip off acquisition has steadily been used in digital investigations as an advanced data acquisition technique. This method has typically been reserved for devices where less invasive methods have been unsuccessful in data recovery. After a review of available literature, limited publications were found to define and discuss a detailed chip off methodology, especially using accessible and low-cost equipment. Therefore, demonstrating a lack of knowledge share and standardisation in this space. This paper creates a methodology for chip off acquisition, that examiners can follow, using an array of equipment. The methodology was developed using accessible resources in a variety of formats and experimental research. Once constructed the method was tested in a collection of scenarios and utilised in research and consultancy. This demonstrated areas where the method was positively implemented and areas where updates could improve the overall success of the methodology. Following the evaluation, a 6-stage process was formulated: deconstruction, identification, removal, restoration, determine and perform.
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    Experimental fragmentation of pipe bombs with varying case thickness
    (Elsevier, 2019-11-05) da Silva, Luciana A.; Johnson, Steve; Critchley, Richard; Clements, Jim; Norris, Karl; Stennett, Christopher
    Among all the improvised explosive devices (IEDs) known, pipe bombs are one of the most popular devices used by terrorists. They are simple to use, easy to construct and materials are readily available. For this IED, fragmentation is the primary injury mechanism, which makes them a desirable weapon for terrorists aiming to inflict maximum human casualties. Although the investigation of fragmentation pattern is not novel, there is limited data available on pipe bombs performance in the open literature. Therefore, this research is looking at validating results in current literature, which showed limited repetition and weak experimental design so far; by trial with six pipe bombs with two different thickness (3 of each). The pipe bombs consisted of mild steel casing and aluminised ammonium nitrate as the explosive filler. Fragments were collected, with an average recovery of 72%, and measured regarding mass and velocity. The experiment results show a correlation between the pipe thickness and both the size and velocity of fragments.