Browsing by Author "Muncie, Helen"

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    Design and Development of a Bus Simulator for Bus Driver
    (Cranfield University, 2006) Muncie, Helen; Dorn, Lisa
    The bus industry is plagued by high accident costs and risks of passenger injuries. A bus simulator may offer a method of reducing accident rates by delivering targeted training to bus drivers who are most at risk. The first part of this thesis describes the design of the UK's first bus simulator, the fidelity of which was based on a thorough analysis of bus crashes. The second part describes the first studies in a multi-staged method to evaluate the training effectiveness of the simulator: face validity, effects of bus driver experience and stress on simulated performance and simulator sickness. This approach ensured that the ABS has a reasonable level of fidelity, is capable of eliciting behaviourally valid responses from bus drivers and is the first step is achieving training transfer effectiveness. The final study investigated the occurrence of self-bias in bus drivers. The conclusions drove the design of simulated scenarios to be used for bus driver training. Keywords: Bus, Simulator, Fidelity, Validity, Accidents, Driving, Stress, Training
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    Work related road safety: Age, length of service and changes on crash risk
    (Department for Transport: London, 2005-11-30) Dorn, Lisa; Muncie, Helen
    Age and experience are known to be major factors in road traffic collisions (Maycock et al., 1996) and are commonly used as predictors of crash frequency (Evans and Courtney, 1985). But age and experience are difficult to separate when investigating crash risk (Brown, 1982; Ryan et al., 1998; Mayhew and Simpson, 1990; Bierness, 1996). Experience is closely related to age but independently influences crash risk. For age, mileage-adjusted crash risk declines with age but then rises for drivers over 65 (Maycock et al., 1991). This is thought to be due to physical and cognitive declines in older people and to increased risk-taking in younger drivers (Chipman et al., 1992; Clarke et al., 1998; McGwin and Brown, 1999). For experience, even limited driving experience has a major effect on road safety. For example, there is a disproportionately higher crash rate during the first year of driving, particularly in the first few months after licensure (Sagberg, 1998). For age and experience, Mayhew et al. (2003) found larger decreases in crash risk amongst younger novices compared with older novices during the first few months of driving. This was interpreted as due to greater initial risk-taking amongst younger novices, with on-road driving experience facilitating a more rapid learning rate compared with older novices. They suggest that this was an appropriate point at which to provide training intervention. There is reasonable literature on the effects of age and experience on accident involvement, but little is known about whether these effects can be generalised to professional drivers, especially since professional drivers differ substantially from the general population of drivers.