Browsing by Author "Li, Shujun"
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Item Open Access A survey of artificial intelligence-related cybersecurity risks and countermeasures in Mobility-as-a-Service(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024-08-05) Chu, Kai-Fung; Yuan, Haiyue; Yuan, Jinsheng; Guo, Weisi; Balta-Ozkan, Nazmiye; Li, ShujunMobility-as-a-service (MaaS) integrates different transport modalities and can support more personalization of travelers’ journey planning based on their individual preferences, behaviors and wishes. To fully achieve the potential of MaaS, a range of artificial intelligence (AI) (including machine learning and data mining) algorithms are needed to learn personal requirements and needs to optimize the journey planning of each traveler and all travelers as a whole, to help transport service operators and relevant governmental bodies to operate and plan their services, and to detect and prevent cyberattacks from various threat actors, including dishonest and malicious travelers and transport operators. The increasing use of different AI and data processing algorithms in both centralized and distributed settings opens the MaaS ecosystem up to diverse cyber and privacy attacks at both the AI algorithm level and the connectivity surfaces. In this article, we present the first comprehensive review on the coupling between AI-driven MaaS design and the diverse cybersecurity challenges related to cyberattacks and countermeasures. In particular, we focus on how current and emerging AI-facilitated privacy risks (profiling, inference, and third-party threats) and adversarial AI attacks (evasion, extraction, and gamification) may impact the MaaS ecosystem. These risks often combine novel attacks (e.g., inverse learning) with traditional attack vectors (e.g., man-in-the-middle attacks), exacerbating the risks for the wider participation actors and the emergence of new business models.Item Open Access The road not taken yet: a review of cyber security risks in mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) ecosystems and a research agenda(Elsevier BV, 2024-10-01) Alderete Peralta, Ali; Balta-Ozkan, Nazmiye; Li, ShujunThis paper identifies the state-of-the-art key aspects for the development of mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) ecosystems and provides evidence on the importance of cyber security which has been broadly overlooked in the literature. The analysis is carried out in three stages: (i) a literature review, (ii) a presentation of expert workshop findings, and (iii) a synthesis of both findings to develop a research agenda on cyber security aspects of MaaS ecosystems. The review identifies and bridges the gap between two strands of MaaS literature: the studies that focus on the factors that drive the development of MaaS, and those that create narratives of future MaaS scenarios. The analysis employs the Business Model Canvas to synthesise important factors that underline the development of MaaS in a 7-dimension matrix. This matrix is then used to assess to what extent the available MaaS scenarios cover such dimensions, showing that the literature has overlooked the incentives for users, incentives for MaaS providers, public governance and cyber security elements of the MaaS development. Finally, this paper synthesises the findings from the review of the literature and an expert workshop to develop a research agenda to characterise and analyse the role of incentives to influence the individuals' and organisations' data sharing preferences and emerging cyber security risks in MaaS ecosystems, which will be of interest to both scholars and policymakers. Only through explicit consideration of data-sharing behaviours and risks across individuals and organisations that MaaS ecosystems can support the transition to a net-zero economy.