CERES :: Browsing by Author "Khan, Muhammad"

Browsing by Author "Khan, Muhammad"

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Open Access
An analysis of methods to achieve robustness towards a lean product development process
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2012-06-18) Cabello, Alan; Flores, Karina; Flores, Myrna; Khan, Muhammad; Al-Ashaab, Ahmed
Since Taguchi’s introduction to robustness much has been researched about it, particularly into the field of new product development. Despite the attention given to the subject by academia, recent research has found that industry has yet to fully grasp its benefits. Among the main attributed factors, lie the complexity of the proposed statistical tools and a general misconception of the concept and its implementation. Based on Toyota’s Product Development System, the term Conceptual Robustness is broadly defined based on three forms of variation: physical, design and market. Parting from the this definition and as part of the LeanPPD Project, the objective of this paper’s contribution is threefold: 1), to present the state of the art on research in the area of robustness, 2) propose a taxonomy in order to understand the different scopes of available resources and 3) finally identifying the possibilities to achieve conceptual robustness (that of Sobek et al., 1999) with the available resources presented to the industry by academic research.
Open Access
Automated prediction of crack propagation using H2O AutoML
(MDPI, 2023-10-12) Omar, Intisar; Khan, Muhammad; Starr, Andrew; Abou Rok Ba, Khaled
Crack propagation is a critical phenomenon in materials science and engineering, significantly impacting structural integrity, reliability, and safety across various applications. The accurate prediction of crack propagation behavior is paramount for ensuring the performance and durability of engineering components, as extensively explored in prior research. Nevertheless, there is a pressing demand for automated models capable of efficiently and precisely forecasting crack propagation. In this study, we address this need by developing a machine learning-based automated model using the powerful H2O library. This model aims to accurately predict crack propagation behavior in various materials by analyzing intricate crack patterns and delivering reliable predictions. To achieve this, we employed a comprehensive dataset derived from measured instances of crack propagation in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) specimens. Rigorous evaluation metrics, including Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and R-squared (R2) values, were applied to assess the model’s predictive accuracy. Cross-validation techniques were utilized to ensure its robustness and generalizability across diverse datasets. Our results underscore the automated model’s remarkable accuracy and reliability in predicting crack propagation. This study not only highlights the immense potential of the H2O library as a valuable tool for structural health monitoring but also advocates for the broader adoption of Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) solutions in engineering applications. In addition to presenting these findings, we define H2O as a powerful machine learning library and AutoML as Automated Machine Learning to ensure clarity and understanding for readers unfamiliar with these terms. This research not only demonstrates the significance of AutoML in future-proofing our approach to structural integrity and safety but also emphasizes the need for comprehensive reporting and understanding in scientific discourse.
Open Access
Comparative analysis of machine learning models for predicting crack propagation under coupled load and temperature
(MDPI, 2023-06-16) Omar, Intisar; Khan, Muhammad; Starr, Andrew
Crack propagation in materials is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by various factors, including dynamic load and temperature. In this study, we investigated the performance of different machine learning models for predicting crack propagation in three types of materials: composite, metal, and polymer. For composite materials, we used Random Forest Regressor, Support Vector Regression, and Gradient Boosting Regressor models, while for polymer and metal materials, we used Ridge, Lasso, and K-Nearest Neighbors models. We trained and tested these models using experimental data obtained from crack propagation tests performed under varying load and temperature conditions. We evaluated the performance of each model using the mean squared error (MSE) metric. Our results showed that the best-performing model for composite materials was Gradient Boosting Regressor, while for polymer and metal materials, Ridge and K-Nearest Neighbors models outperformed the other models. We also validated the models using additional experimental data and found that they could accurately predict crack propagation in all three materials with high accuracy. The study’s findings provide valuable insights into crack propagation behavior in different materials and offer practical applications in the design, construction, maintenance, and inspection of structures. By leveraging this knowledge, engineers and designers can make informed decisions to enhance the strength, reliability, and durability of structures, ensuring their long-term performance and safety.
Open Access
Compatibility and challenges in machine learning approach for structural crack assessment
(Sage, 2022-03-11) Omar, Intisar; Khan, Muhammad; Starr, Andrew
Structural health monitoring and assessment (SHMA) is exceptionally essential for preserving and sustaining any mechanical structure’s service life. A successful assessment should provide reliable and resolute information to maintain the continuous performance of the structure. This information can effectively determine crack progression and its overall impact on the structural operation. However, the available sensing techniques and methods for performing SHMA generate raw measurements that require significant data processing before making any valuable predictions. Machine learning (ML) algorithms (supervised and unsupervised learning) have been extensively used for such data processing. These algorithms extract damage-sensitive features from the raw data to identify structural conditions and performance. As per the available published literature, the extraction of these features has been quite random and used by academic researchers without a suitability justification. In this paper, a comprehensive literature review is performed to emphasise the influence of damage-sensitive features on ML algorithms. The selection and suitability of these features are critically reviewed while processing raw data obtained from different materials (metals, composites and polymers). It has been found that an accurate crack prediction is only possible if the selection of damage-sensitive features and ML algorithms is performed based on available raw data and structure material type. This paper also highlights the current challenges and limitations during the mentioned sections.
Open Access
Coupled effects of temperature and humidity on fracture toughness of Al–Mg–Si–Mn alloy
(MDPI, 2023-05-30) Alqahtani, Ibrahim; Starr, Andrew; Khan, Muhammad
The combined effect of temperature and humidity on the fracture toughness of aluminium alloys has not been extensively studied, and little attention has been paid due to its complexity, understanding of its behaviour, and difficulty in predicting the effect of the combined factors. Therefore, the present study aims to address this knowledge gap and improve the understanding of the interdependencies between the coupled effects of temperature and humidity on the fracture toughness of Al–Mg–Si–Mn alloy, which can have practical implications for the selection and design of materials in coastal environments. Fracture toughness experiments were carried out by simulating the coastal environments, such as localised corrosion, temperature, and humidity, using compact tension specimens. The fracture toughness increased with varying temperatures from 20 to 80 °C and decreased with variable humidity levels between 40% and 90%, revealing Al–Mg–Si–Mn alloy is susceptible to corrosive environments. Using a curve-fitting approach that mapped the micrographs to temperature and humidity conditions, an empirical model was developed, which revealed that the interaction between temperature and humidity was complex and followed a nonlinear interaction supported by microstructure images of SEM and collected empirical data.
Open Access
Degradation mechanisms associated with metal pipes and the effective impact of LDMs and LLMs in water transport and distribution
(SAGE, 2022-11-09) Agala, Alaa; Khan, Muhammad; Starr, Andrew
The effective operation of water management systems is contingent upon leak localization and detecti– a common problem that is more acute in large networks. This paper reviews the salient literature in this context and demonstrates the effectiveness of leakage location methods (LLMs) and leakage detection methods (LDMs). Although there is a significant amount of literature that discusses leakage localization and detection technologies, an academic lacuna still exists concerning the linkage between degradation mechanisms and LDMs and do not cover or connect past efforts from the start of a degradation mechanism that leads to changes in the mechanical strength (such as a reduction in fracture toughness) of pipes and results in crack propagation and leakage. This review focuses on these issues in the context of degradation mechanisms and common detection methods.
Open Access
Dynamic response-based crack resistance analysis of fibre reinforced concrete specimens under different temperatures and crack depths
(Elsevier, 2023-01-18) Khalel, Hamad Hasan Zedan; Khan, Muhammad; Starr, Andrew
Steel fibre-reinforced concrete has been used extensively because of its excellent mechanical properties. Academic researchers have comprehensively discussed the impact and challenges of fibre reinforcement to obtain optimal properties in the resultant concrete. Most researchers reported the mechanical performance of fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) under static loads. A few studies did conclude the mentioned performance on dynamic loads. However, a comprehensive analysis is still missing that can explain the crack resistance performance of FRC under dynamic loads at relatively high temperatures. In this study, the efficacy of FRC beams for crack resistance is analyzed under coupled loads, i.e., dynamic load at relatively high temperatures as compared to room temperature. Various researchers found that concrete's qualities may change at different temperatures due to moisture content, physical and chemical changes to the ingredients, differences in cooling and heating schedules, water-to-cement ratio, and aggregate. The rate of reduction in moisture content is quite possible even in relatively high temperatures as compared to standard room temperature. Therefore, we selected a range of temperature that demonstrate tests on more realistic weather conditions for most of the concrete applications. As per theory, a slight change in modulus or strength shall definitely effect the dynamic response. Therefore, we tested cantilever FRC beams on a modal excitor in a band heater to expose the beams to bending loads at different temperature values. The variation in the beam's dynamic response parameters, including modal amplitude and frequency, is discussed, and compared with experimental results for regular and reinforced concrete beams. The SIF of plain concrete decreased as concrete temperature increased. Compared to conventional concrete, using SFRC-1 enhanced fracture resistance by 10–20% at various crack depths (2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm) and temperatures (20 °C, 40 °C, 60 °C).
Open Access
Effect of 3D printing process parameters on damping characteristic of cantilever beams fabricated using material extrusion
(MDPI, 2023-01-04) He, Feiyang; Ning, Haoran; Khan, Muhammad
The present paper aims to investigate the process parameters and damping behaviour of the acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) cantilever beam manufactured using material extrusion (MEX). The research outcome could guide the manufacture of MEX structures to suit specific operating scenarios such as energy absorption and artificially controlled vibration responses. Our research used an experimental approach to examine the interdependencies between process parameters (nozzle size, infill density and pattern) and the damping behaviour (first-order modal damping ratio and loss factor). The impact test was carried out to obtain the damping ratio from the accelerometer. A dynamic mechanical analysis was performed for the loss factor measurement. The paper used statistical analysis to reveal significant dependencies between the process parameters and the damping behaviour. The regression models were also utilised to evaluate the mentioned statistical findings. The multiple third-order polynomials were developed to represent the relation between process parameters and modal damping ratio using stiffness as the mediation variable. The obtained results showed that the infill density affected the damping behaviour significantly. Higher infill density yielded a lower damping ratio. Nozzle size also showed a notable effect on damping. A high damping ratio was observed at a significantly low value of nozzle size. The results were confirmed using the theoretical analysis based on the underlying causes due to porosity in the MEX structure.
Open Access
The effect of printing parameters on crack growth rate of FDM ABS cantilever beam under thermo-mechanical loads
(Elsevier, 2022-01-04) He, Feiyang; Alshammari, Yousef Lafi A.; Khan, Muhammad
Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is the most widely used additive manufacturing (AM) process in the customised and low-volume production industries. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is the most commonly used thermoplastic printing material for FDM. The fabricated FDM ABS parts commonly work under thermo-mechanical loads in reality. In order to produce the high fatigue performance FDM ABS components, it is significant to investigate the effect of 3D printing parameters on crack growth. Hence, this research evaluated the crack propagation under bending fatigue test for FDM ABS beam in high-temperature conditions with varying printing parameters, including building orientations, nozzle size and layer thickness. The combination of three building orientations (0°, ±45° and 90°), three nozzle sizes (0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mm) and three layer thickness (0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 mm) were tested under 50 to 70 °C environmental temperature ranges. The research attempted to investigate the relationship between crack growth rate and different printing parameter combinations. The study also attempted to determine the possible parameter combination which achieved the longest fatigue life for the FDM ABS specimen. Preliminary experimental results showed that the specimen with 0° building orientation, 0.8 mm filament width and 0.15 mm layer thickness vibrated for the longest time before the fracture at every different temperature.
Open Access
Effects of printing parameters on the fatigue behaviour of 3D-printed ABS under dynamic thermo-mechanical loads
(MDPI, 2021-07-19) He, Feiyang; Khan, Muhammad
Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is the most widely used additive manufacturing process in customised and low-volume production industries due to its safe, fast, effective operation, freedom of customisation, and cost-effectiveness. Many different thermoplastic polymer materials are used in FDM. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is one of the most commonly used plastics owing to its low cost, high strength and temperature resistance. The fabricated FDM ABS parts commonly work under thermo-mechanical loads in actual practice. For producing FDM ABS components that show high fatigue performance, the 3D printing parameters must be effectively optimized. Hence, this study evaluated the bending fatigue performance for FDM ABS beams under different thermo-mechanical loading conditions with varying printing parameters, including building orientations, nozzle size, and layer thickness. The combination of three building orientations (0°, ±45°, and 90°), three nozzle sizes (0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mm) and three-layer thicknesses (0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 mm) were tested at different environmental temperatures ranging from 50 to 70 °C. The study attempted to find the optimal combination of the printing parameters to achieve the best fatigue behaviour of the FDM ABS specimen. The experiential results showed that the specimen with 0° building orientation, 0.8 mm filament width, and 0.15 mm layer thickness vibrated for the longest time before the fracture at each temperature. Both a larger nozzle size and thicker layer height can increase the fatigue life. It was concluded that printing defects significantly decreased the fatigue life of the 3D-printed ABS beam.
Open Access
An empirical torsional spring model for the inclined crack in a 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) cantilever beam
(MDPI, 2023-01-18) Yang, Zhichao; He, Feiyang; Khan, Muhammad
This paper presents an empirical torsional spring model for the inclined crack on a 3D-printed ABS cantilever beam. The work outlined deals mainly with our previous research about an improved torsional spring model (Khan-He model), which can represent the deep vertical (90°) crack in the structure. This study used an experimental approach to investigate the relationships between the crack angle and torsional spring stiffness. ABS cantilever beams with different crack depths (1, 1.3 and 1.6 mm) and angles (30, 45, 60, 75 and 90°) were manufactured by fused deposition modelling (FDM). The impact tests were performed to obtain the dynamic response of cracked beams. The equivalent spring stiffness was calculated based on the specimen’s fundamental frequency. The results suggested that an increased crack incline angle yielded higher fundamental frequency and vibration amplitude, representing higher spring stiffness. The authors then developed an empirical spring stiffness model for inclined cracks based on the test data. These results extended the Khan-He model’s application from vertical to inclined crack prediction in FDM ABS structures.
Open Access
The EUCAMS gear partnership - a model of industry/academic collaboration
(British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing, 2011-12-31) Starr, Andrew; Khan, Muhammad; Allen, Brian; Marshall, Mick; Phang, Albert; Badi, Nuri; Chen, Yong Kang; Edwards, Rodger; Sinha, Jyoti; Rzeszucinski, Pawel; Jones, Rhys; Mao, Ken; Shepherd, Duncan; Curran, Alan
Challenges in maintenance systems can pose multi-faceted problems, which are difficult to resolve alone. Over a four year period, a partnership evolved a vision for tackling the understanding of fundamentally difficult mechanical failures and their detection, with potential for practical exploitation of the solutions. The partnership assembled a team of researchers and far-sighted project management, to undertake a study of gearbox failures, including finite element modelling, gear testing, and signal analysis. The partnership trained a series of doctoral and postdoctoral staff in running an integrated project, coping with changes in staffing and locations. The final stages of the work will validate the models and signal processing.
Open Access
Evolution of crack analysis in structures using image processing technique: a review
(MDPI, 2023-09-12) Azouz, Zakrya; Honarvar Shakibaei Asli, Barmak; Khan, Muhammad
Structural health monitoring (SHM) involves the control and analysis of mechanical systems to monitor the variation of geometric features of engineering structures. Damage processing is one of the issues that can be addressed by using several techniques derived from image processing. There are two types of SHM: contact-based and non-contact methods. Sensors, cameras, and accelerometers are examples of contact-based SHM, whereas photogrammetry, infrared thermography, and laser imaging are non-contact SHM techniques. In this research, our focus centres on image processing algorithms to identify the crack and analyze its properties to detect occurred damages. Based on the literature review, several preprocessing approaches were employed including image enhancement, image filtering to remove the noise and blur, and dynamic response measurement to predict the crack propagation.
Open Access
Experimental and theoretical aspects of crack assisted failures of metallic alloys in corrosive environments – a review
(Elsevier, 2022-09-08) Alqahtani, Ibrahim; Starr, Andrew; Khan, Muhammad
Failure analysis is one of the complex tasks in engineering materials since it involves analyses of the interdependency of factors like environmental conditions, materials properties and loading conditions etc., causing catastrophic failure of engineering components in real-time applications. In recent times, the advances in characterization techniques have led to the precise findings of the cause of the failures in several cases. However, specific failure analysis-based case studies report that the couple load effects of two or more parameters influencing the failures of engineering components are complex to identify. Moreover, it is difficult to formulate a mathematical model involving the interdependency factors to study the failure behaviour of the engineering materials. Especially in aerospace industry, the crack initiation and propagation in metallic alloys are more complex since the various factors like environmental conditions combined with loading parameters cause unpredictable failures. Hence, there is a need to study the effect of environmental conditions combined with different loading systems on the crack propagation of metallic alloys. The review concludes that still a comprehensive analytical modelling approach is required to relate the interdependencies of couple loads such as humidity and temperature of metallic alloys in corrosive environment.
Open Access
Experimental assessment of multiple contact wear using airborne noise under dry and lubricated conditions
(SAGE Publications (UK and US), 2017-03-29) Khan, Muhammad; Basit, K.; Khan, S. Z.; Khan, K. A.; Starr, Andrew G.
The generation of wear and airborne noise is inevitable in the mechanical contacts of the machine components. This paper addresses the effectiveness of the airborne noise data in estimating the wear on a disc under multi-contact conditions. A pin-on-disc rig was employed to study the role of noise parameters on the evolution of the wear area. When a pin slides on the disc, the airborne noise is generated and subsequently a sound signal is obtained. These signals, for various sets of experiments, were recorded using a digital microphone. A Matlab code was developed and employed to estimate the noise parameters from the recorded sound. Noise parameters including values of voltage RMS, noise counts and amplitudes of dominant frequencies were used to analyse the variation in the disc wear at different time intervals. These parameters were found to be effective in the determination of the wear damage evaluation under different loads without lubrication.
Open Access
Experimental investigation of self-cleaning behaviour of 3D-printed textile fabrics with various printing parameters
(Elsevier, 2023-01-31) Chan, Ka Po; He, Feiyang; Atwah, Ayat Adnan; Khan, Muhammad
Self-cleaning of textile fabrics is defined as the ability that the pollutants particles can be removed from the fabric surface without any external source. The application of the technology is beneficial to the environment since it conserves water, energy and laundry costs. In the past, it is typically obtained by chemical coatings, which develop low surface energy and high roughness on the fabric surface, allowing the pollutant particles or droplets to float over the surface rather than adhesion. These chemical coating methods are effective for fabrics manufactured by traditional woven-based textile technology. However, the recent advancements in 3D printing technology have evolved the manufacturing of textile fabrics but with equal challenges in self-cleaning as previous chemical coating-based methods are not useful for printed fabrics. A recent study has successfully established a linear regression model to demonstrate the relationship between secondary 3D printing parameters and the self-cleaning properties of different polymeric fabrics. This paper is intended to analyse the impact of the primary printing parameters on the self-cleaning attributes, including infill rate (IR), flow rate (FR), printing temperature (PT), printing speed (PS), and printing acceleration (PA). The experimental results were used to construct a regression polynomial to quantify the self-cleaning behaviour of the selected thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fabric. The models were validated experimentally to highlight the critical values of considered primary parameters for optimal self-cleaning behaviour. The obtained results indicated that FR was the most significant parameter, and all parameters affected the fabric's wettability almost equally.
Open Access
Fracture behaviour of aluminium alloys under coastal environmental conditions: a review
(MDPI, 2024-03-15) Alqahtani, Ibrahim; Starr, Andrew; Khan, Muhammad
Aluminium alloys have been integral to numerous engineering applications due to their favourable strength, weight, and corrosion resistance combination. However, the performance of these alloys in coastal environments is a critical concern, as the interplay between fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth rate under such conditions remains relatively unexplored. This comprehensive review addresses this research gap by analysing the intricate relationship between fatigue crack propagation, fracture toughness, and challenging coastal environmental conditions. In view of the increasing utilisation of aluminium alloys in coastal infrastructure and maritime industries, understanding their behaviour under the joint influences of cyclic loading and corrosive coastal atmospheres is imperative. The primary objective of this review is to synthesise the existing knowledge on the subject, identify research gaps, and propose directions for future investigations. The methodology involves an in-depth examination of peer-reviewed literature and experimental studies. The mechanisms driving fatigue crack initiation and propagation in aluminium alloys exposed to saltwater, humidity, and temperature variations are elucidated. Additionally, this review critically evaluates the impact of coastal conditions on fracture toughness, shedding light on the vulnerability of aluminium alloys to sudden fractures in such environments. The variability of fatigue crack growth rates and fracture toughness values across different aluminium alloy compositions and environmental exposures was discussed. Corrosion–fatigue interactions emerge as a key contributor to accelerated crack propagation, underscoring the need for comprehensive mitigation strategies. This review paper highlights the pressing need to understand the behaviour of aluminium alloys under coastal conditions comprehensively. By revealing the existing research gaps and presenting an integrated overview of the intricate mechanisms at play, this study aims to guide further research and engineering efforts towards enhancing the durability and safety of aluminium alloy components in coastal environments.
Open Access
Fracture toughness investigation of AL6082-T651 alloy under corrosive environmental conditions
(Trans Tech Publications, 2024-04-03) Alqahtani, Ibrahim; Starr, Andrew; Khan, Muhammad
The crack initiation and propagation in an aluminium alloy in a corrosive environment are complex because of the loading parameters and material properties, which may result in a sudden failure in real-time applications. This paper investigates the fracture toughness of aluminium alloy under varying environmental and corrosion conditions. The main objective of the work is to link the interdependencies of humidity and temperature for an AL6082-T651 alloy in a corrosive environment. This study investigates AL6082-T651alloy's fracture behaviour and mechanism through microstructure and fractographic studies. The results show that a non-corroded sample, at room conditions, provided more load-carrying capacity than a corroded sample. Additionally, an increase in temperature improves fracture toughness, while an increase in humidity results in a decrease in fracture toughness.
Open Access
Fundamental challenges and complexities of damage identification from dynamic response in plate structures
(MDPI AG, 2024-09-12) Alshammari, Yousef Lafi A.; He, Feiyang; Alrwili, Abdullah Ayed; Khan, Muhammad
For many years, structural health monitoring (SHM) has held significant importance across diverse engineering sectors. The main aim of SHM is to assess the health status and understand distinct features of structures by analyzing real-time data from physical measurements. The dynamic response (DR) is a significant tool in SHM studies. This response is used primarily to detect variations or damage by examining the vibration signals of DR. Numerous scholarly articles and reviews have discussed the phenomenon and importance of using DR to predict damages in uniform thickness (UT) plate structures. However, previous reviews have predominantly focused on the UT plates, neglecting the equally important varying thickness (VT) plate structures. Given the significance of VT plates, especially for academic researchers, it is essential to compile a comprehensive review that covers the vibration of both the UT and VT cracked plate structures and their identification methods, with a special emphasis on VT plates. VT plates are particularly significant due to their application in critical components of various applications where optimizing the weight, aerodynamics, and dimensions is crucial to meet specific design specifications. Furthermore, this review critically evaluates the damage identification methods, focusing on their accuracy and applicability in real-world applications. This review revealed that current research studies are inadequate in describing crack path identification; they have primarily focused on predicting the quantification of cracks in terms of size or possible location. Identifying the crack path is crucial to avoid catastrophic failures, especially in scenarios where the crack may propagate in critical dimensions of the plate. Therefore, it can be concluded that an accurate analytical and empirical study of crack path and damage identification in these plates would be a novel and significant contribution to the academic field.
Open Access
Interdependence of friction, wear, and noise: a review
(Tsinghua University Press and Springer, 2021-04-19) Lontin, Kevin; Khan, Muhammad
Phenomena of friction, wear and noise in mechanical contacts are particularly important in the field of tribomechanics but equally complex if one wants to represent their exact relationship with mathematical models. Efforts have been made to describe these phenomena with different approaches in past. These efforts have been compiled in different reviews but most of them treated friction, wear mechanics and acoustic noise separately. However, an in-depth review that provides a critically analysis on their interdependencies is still missing. In this review paper, the interdependencies of friction, wear and noise are analysed in the mechanical contacts at asperitical level. The origin of frictional noise, its dependencies on contact’s mechanical properties, and its performance under different wear conditions are critically reviewed. A discussion on the existing mathematical models of friction and wear is also provided in the last section that leads to uncover the gap in the existing literature. This review concludes that still a comprehensive analytical modelling approach is required to relate the interdependencies of friction, noise, and wear with mathematical expressions