Browsing by Author "Goel, Gaurav"
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Item Open Access Analysis and advanced characterization of municipal solid waste vermicompost maturity for a green environment(Elsevier, 2019-12-03) Srivastava, Vaibhav; Goel, Gaurav; Thakur, Vijay Kumar; Singh, Rajeev Pratap; Ferreira de Araujo, Ademir Sergio; Singh, PoojaRapid demographic expansion along with increasing urbanization has aggravated the problem of solid waste management. Therefore, scientists are seeking waste management methods that are eco-friendly, cost effective and produce immediate results. In the developing world, municipal solid waste (MSW) contains mostly organic substances, therefore vermicomposting could be a better and cost-effective option for waste management. In this study, vermicomposting of organic portion of MSW with cow dung (additive) was performed using Eisenia fetida. The results showed significant (p < 0.001) decline in pH (13.17%), TOC (21.70%), C: N (62.53%) and C: P (57.66%) ratios, whilst total N (108.9%), P (84.89%) and K (21.85%) content increased (p < 0.001) in matured vermicompost. Different enzymatic activities declined during termination phase of vermicomposting experiment with maximum decrease of 41.72 (p = 0.002) and 39.56% (p = 0.001) in protease and β-glucosidase, respectively. FT-IR, TGA, DSC and SEM studies suggested that final vermicompost was more stabilized as compared to initial waste mixture, characterized by reduced levels of aliphatic materials, carbohydrates and increase in aromatic groups possibly due to biosynthesis of humic substances. Both, the conventional (physicochemical and enzyme activity) and advanced techniques depict maturity and stability of the ready vermicompost. However, FT-IR, TGA, DSC and SEM were proved to be more promising, fast and reliable techniques over conventional analyses.Item Open Access Bactericidal surfaces: an emerging 21st century ultra-precision manufacturing and materials puzzle(American Institute of Physics (AIP), 2021-04-06) Larrañaga-Altuna, Mikel; Zabala, Alaitz; Llavori, Iñigo; Pearce, Oliver; Nguyen, Dinh T.; Caro, Jaume; Mescheder, Holger; Endrino, José L.; Goel, Gaurav; Ayre, Wayne Nishio; Seenivasagam, Rajkumar Kottayasamy; Tripathy, Debendra Kumar; Armstrong, Joe; Goel, SauravProgress made by materials scientists in recent years has greatly helped the field of ultra-precision manufacturing. Ranging from healthcare to electronics components, phenomena such as twinning, dislocation nucleation and high-pressure phase transformation have helped to exploit plasticity across a wide range of metallic and semiconductor materials. One current problem at the forefront of the healthcare sector that can benefit from these advances is that of bacterial infections in implanted prosthetic devices. The treatment of implant infections is often complicated by the growth of bacterial biofilms on implant surfaces, which form a barrier that effectively protects the infecting organisms from host immune defences and exogenous antibiotics. Further surgery is usually required to disrupt the biofilm, or to remove the implant altogether to permit antibiotics to clear the infection, incurring considerable cost and healthcare burdens. In this review, we focus on elucidating aspects of bactericidal surfaces inspired by the biological world to inform the design of implant surface treatments that will suppress bacterial colonization. Alongside manufacturing and materials related challenges, the review identifies the most promising natural bactericidal surfaces and provides representative models of their structure, highlighting the importance of the critical slope presented by these surfaces. The scalabl production of these complex hierarchical structures on freeform metallic implant surfaces has remained a scientific challenge to date and as identified by this review, is one of the many 21st Century puzzles to be addressed by the field of applied physics.Item Open Access Bactericidal Surfaces: An Emerging 21st Century Ultra-Precision Manufacturing and Materials Puzzle(Cranfield University, 2020-12-14 09:29) Goel, Saurav; Goel, Gaurav; Larrañaga Altuna, MikelFiguresItem Open Access Data for the paper titled "Using circular economy principles to recycle materials in guiding the design of a wet scrubber-reactor for indoor air disinfection from coronavirus and other pathogens"(Cranfield University, 2021-02-04 09:48) Goel, Saurav; Goel, GauravData for the two graphs is provided as the raw data!Item Open Access Emergence of machine learning in the development of high entropy alloy and their prospects in advanced engineering applications(Springer, 2021-07-09) Katiyar, Nirmal Kumar; Goel, Gaurav; Goel, SauravThe high entropy alloys have become the most intensely researched materials in recent times. They offer the flexibility to choose a large array of metallic elements in the periodic table, a combination of which produces distinctive desirable properties that are not possible to be obtained by the pristine metals. Over the past decade, a myriad of publications has inundated the aspects of materials synthesis concerning HEA. Hitherto, the practice of HEA development has largely relied on a trial-and-error basis, and the hassles associate with this effort can be reduced by adopting a machine learning approach. This way, the “right first time” approach can be adopted to deterministically predict the right combination and composition of metallic elements to obtain the desired functional properties. This article reviews the latest advances in adopting machine learning approaches to predict and develop newer compositions of high entropy alloys. The review concludes by highlighting the newer applications areas that this accelerated development has enabled such that the HEA coatings can now potentially be used in several areas ranging from catalytic materials, electromagnetic shield protection and many other structural applications.Item Open Access Enhanced combined assimilative and bound phosphorus uptake in concurrence with nitrate removal in pre-anoxic cyclic sequencing batch reactor(Elsevier, 2022-09-21) Khursheed, Anwar; Ali, Muntjeer; Munshi, Faris Mohammad A.; Alali, Abdulrhman Fahmi; Kamal, Mohab Amin; Almohana, Abdulaziz Ibrahim; Alrehaili, Omar; Gaur, Rubia Z.; Tyagi, Vinay Kumar; Khan, Abid Ali; Goel, GauravNeedless to specify, controlling nitrogen and phosphorus discharge from wastewater treatment plants is synonymous with the prevention of eutrophication of surface waters, as one of the major issues related to water security. The present study investigates the performance of a pre-anoxic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) working on the basis of intermittent aeration, operated at varied carbon (bCOD) to nitrogen (C/N) ratio of 3, 7.5, and 10, and readily biodegradable (rbCOD) to slowly biodegradable (sbCOD) ratio of 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5. The findings revealed that an enhanced nitrogen removal was observed, together with higher C/N and rbCOD to sbCOD ratios. The results also show a consistent increase in total phosphorus removal with an increase in nitrogen removal. The phosphorus uptake of sludge varied from 0.02 – 0.045 mgP/mgVSS (avg. 0.031 ± 0.004), which resulted in enrichment levels of 0.88 – 1.68 times the stoichiometric value of 0.0267 mgP/mgVSS (avg. 1.45 ± 0.14). On an average basis, the assimilative total phosphate (TP) content was increased by 0.008 gTP/gNO -/3 -N removal rate. The excess phosphorus removal was due to the formation of poorly soluble polyvalent phosphate compounds, which was found based on dry analysis, which persisted as bound phosphate in the sludge.Item Open Access Horizons of modern molecular dynamics simulation in digitalized solid freeform fabrication with advanced materials(Elsevier, 2020-09-22) Goel, Saurav; Knaggs, Michael; Goel, Gaurav; Zhou, Xiaowang W.; Upadhyaya, Hari M.; Thakur, Vijay Kumar; Kumar, Vinod; Bizarri, Gregory; Tiwari, Ashutosh; Murphy, Adrian; Stukowski, Alexander; Matthews, AllanOur ability to shape and finish a component by combined methods of fabrication including (but not limited to) subtractive, additive, and/or no theoretical mass-loss/addition during the fabrication is now popularly known as solid freeform fabrication (SFF). Fabrication of a telescope mirror is a typical example where grinding and polishing processes are first applied to shape the mirror, and thereafter, an optical coating is usually applied to enhance its optical performance. The area of nanomanufacturing cannot grow without a deep knowledge of the fundamentals of materials and consequently, the use of computer simulations is now becoming ubiquitous. This article is intended to highlight the most recent advances in the computation benefit specific to the area of precision SFF as these systems are traversing through the journey of digitalization and Industry-4.0. Specifically, this article demonstrates that the application of the latest materials modelling approaches, based on techniques such as molecular dynamics, are enabling breakthroughs in applied precision manufacturing techniques.Item Open Access Influence of waste glass in the foaming process of open cell porous ceramic as filtration media for industrial wastewater(Elsevier, 2020-10-07) Shishkin, Andrei; Aguedal, Hakim; Goel, Gaurav; Peculevica, Julite; Newport, Darryl; Ozolins, JurijsThis paper reports the development and testing results of a prototype ceramic filter with excellent sorption properties (<99% elimination in 5 min) leading to good efficacy in the removal of industrial contaminants (Reactive Bezaktiv Turquoise Blue V-G (BTB) dye). The novelty in the investigation lies in developing the filter material obtained from the recycling of waste glass combined with highly porous open-cell clay material. This newly developed material showed a significant reduction in the energy requirements (sintering temperature required for the production of industrial filters) thus addressing the grand challenge of sustainable and cleaner manufacturing. The methodology entails sintering of the clay foam (CF) at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1050 °C and blending it with 5%, 7% and 10 wt.% milled glass cullet. One of the aims of this investigation was to evaluate and analyse the effect of the pH of the solution, contact time and equilibrium isotherm on the sorption process and the mechanical compressive strength, porosity, water uptake. From the kinetic studies, it was discovered that the experimental results were well aligned with the pseudo-second-order model and chemisorption was discovered to be a mechanism driving the adsorption process. These findings are crucial in designing cost-effective industrial filtration system since the filter material being proposed in this work is reusable, recyclable and readily available in abundance. Overall, the pathway for the reuse of waste glass shown by this work help address the sustainability targets set by the UN Charter via SDG 6 and SDG 12Item Open Access Nanomaterials based biosensing: methods and principle of detection(Springer, 2022-12-01) Kumar, Nirmal; Goel, Gaurav; Goel, SauravThe food and medical sectors have to abide by the strict regulations of quality control and this requires strict monitoring of various types of chemicals and pathogens. These requirements have brought laurels to the field of biosensing to develop the most capable sensors to detect a target property instantly as well as precisely. Biosensors integrated with the nanotechnological approach makes them simple and tiny in size, which also provides a point-of-care platform. The last two decades have been devoted to developing different biosensors using nanoscale materials due to their sensitive and unique properties. Search is on, for the combination of materials for biosensors, which can make them multipurpose, inexpensive and eco-friendly. The molecules or analytes can be detected through different working principles of biosensors. Biosensing is a wide area and a number of biosensors exist with each having their own working principles and/or combination of two-three principles making them a hybrid sensor. This book chapter is aimed to revisit different working principles of biosensors in light of the growing use of various nanomaterials (nanoparticles, nanowire, and nanosheet) and various other materials that are in use in the development of biosensor.Item Open Access Nature inspired materials: Emerging trends and future prospects(Cranfield University, 2020-12-07 00:33) Goel, Saurav; Hawi, Sara; Goel, GauravNature inspired materials imagesItem Open Access Nature-inspired materials: emerging trends and prospects(Springer Nature, 2021-07-30) Katiyar, Nirmal Kumar; Goel, Gaurav; Hawi, Sara; Goel, SauravThe term ‘Nature-inspired’ is associated with a sequence of efforts to understand, synthesise and imitate any natural object or phenomenon either in the tangible or intangible form which allows us to obtain improved insights into nature. Such inspirations can come through materials, processes, or designs that we see around. Materials as opposed to processes and designs found in nature due to being tangible can readily be used without engineering efforts. One such example is that of an aquaporin which is used to filter water. The scope of this work in Nature-inspired materials is to define, clarify and consolidate the current understanding by probing new insights in the recent developments by reviewing examples from the laboratory to industrial scale while highlighting newer opportunities in this area. A careful analysis of the “nature-inspired materials” shows that they possess specific functionality that relies on our ability to harness peculiar electrical, mechanical, biological, chemical, sustainability or combined gains.Item Open Access Potential pathway for recycling of the paper mill sludge compost for brick making(Elsevier, 2021-01-30) Goel, Gaurav; Vasić, Milica Vidak; Katiyar, Nirmal Kumar; Kirthika, S. K.; Pezo, Milada; Dinakar, P.This study's focus was to develop a potential pathway for recycling of the paper mill sludge compost (PMSC) in brick making. Composting reduces the paper mill sludge (PMS) moisture content considerably and shredding becomes easier. The addition of PMSC leads to an increase of porosities in bricks and makes them lighter, besides delivering energy to the firing process from burning organics. Lighter construction materials help minimize construction outlay by reducing labour and transportation costs and lesser expense on foundation construction. The variability in the experimental data and the brick properties were investigated for two types of soils, typical in the brick industry of India (alluvial and laterite soil), blended with PMSC in five mix ratios (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). The samples of oven-dried bricks were fired at two different temperatures (850 and 900 ˚C) in an electrically operated muffle furnace representing typical conditions of a brick kiln. Various properties of bricks were analyzed which included linear shrinkage, bulk density, water absorption and compressive strength. Conclusions were drawn based on these properties. It was found that the addition of PMSC to the alluvial and laterite soil by up to 10% weight yield mechanical properties of fired bricks compliant with the relevant Indian and ASTM codes. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) tests showed that PMSC incorporated fired bricks are safe to use in regular applications as non-load-bearing and infill walls. This study is timely in light of the European Green Deal putting focus on circular economy. Besides, it fulfils the objective of UN sustainable development goals (SDG).Item Open Access Recycling of waste coal dust for the energy-efficient fabrication of bricks: a laboratory to industrial-scale study(Elsevier, 2021-01-01) Vidak Vasić, Milica; Goel, Gaurav; Vasić, Miloš; Radojević, ZagorkaIn this study, an optimal mixture of loess brick clays and waste coal dust in laboratory hollow blocks production is determined with the aim of promoting sustainable development in terms of saving resources and energy. The novelty of the work lies in the first-time utilization of waste coal dust in combination with loess soil brick-making thus bolstering European effort on waste utilization. The mentioned is also in line with UN sustainable development goals, SDG 12 and 9. The chemical and mineralogical contents of the clays were obtained using various chemical characterization methods, and thermal behavior by using dilatometry and simultaneous DSC/TG analysis. The important ceramic and technological characteristics of the extruded brick clay and waste coal dust composite samples during molding, drying, and firing were obtained. The chosen mixture of 70 % calcareous clay and 30 % plastic clay to 3 % of high-calorie waste coal dust is found optimal. Industrial-scale optimal blocks (250x190x190 mm3) with 60 % of vertical voids were fired in a tunnel kiln, and the firing regime was recorded. It is determined that the regime must be corrected in the firing and cooling zone since the differences measured by thermo-couples were up to 180 °C. The industrial prototype was found to be of satisfactory quality meeting the requirements of water absorption and compressive strength as per European and other international standards. The study was first of a kind detailed characterization of the industrial size bricks encompassing waste coal dust and loess brick clays, with the emphasis on the usability in the industry, and additionally recording and correcting of the firing regime in a tunnel kiln. The product is recyclable and can be disposed of safely after the end of life.Item Open Access Resilient and agile engineering solutions to address societal challenges such as coronavirus pandemic(Elsevier, 2020-05-28) Goel, Saurav; Hawi, Sara; Goel, Gaurav; Thakur, Vijay Kumar; Agrawal, Anupam; Hoskins, Clare; Pearce, Oliver; Hussain, Tanvir; Upadhyaya, Hari M.; Cross, Graham; Barber, Asa H.The world is witnessing tumultuous times as major economic powers including the US, UK, Russia, India, and most of Europe continue to be in a state of lockdown. The worst-hit sectors due to this lockdown are sales, production (manufacturing), transport (aerospace and automotive) and tourism. Lockdowns became necessary as a preventive measure to avoid the spread of the contagious and infectious “Coronavirus Disease 2019” (COVID-19). This newly identified disease is caused by a new strain of the virus being referred to as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS CoV-2; formerly called 2019-nCoV). We review the current medical and manufacturing response to COVID-19, including advances in instrumentation, sensing, use of lasers, fumigation chambers and development of novel tools such as lab-on-the-chip using combinatorial additive and subtractive manufacturing techniques and use of molecular modelling and molecular docking in drug and vaccine discovery. We also offer perspectives on future considerations on climate change, outsourced versus indigenous manufacturing, automation, and antimicrobial resistance. Overall, this paper attempts to identify key areas where manufacturing can be employed to address societal challenges such as COVID-19.Item Open Access Solutions of critical raw materials issues regarding iron-based alloys(MDPI, 2021-02-13) Novák, Pavel; Belezze, Tiziano; Cabibbo, Marcello; Gamsjäger, Ernst; Wiessner, Manfred; Rajnovic, Dragan; Jaworska, Lucyna; Hanus, Pavel; Shishkin, Andrei; Goel, Gaurav; Goel, SauravThe Critical Raw Materials (CRMs) list has been defined based on economic importance and supply risk by the European Commission. This review paper describes two issues regarding critical raw materials: the possibilities of their substitution in iron-based alloys and the use of iron-based alloys instead of other materials in order to save CRMs. This review covers strategies for saving chromium in stainless steel, substitution or lowering the amounts of carbide-forming elements (especially tungsten and vanadium) in tool steel and alternative iron-based CRM-free and low-CRM materials: austempered ductile cast iron, high-temperature alloys based on intermetallics of iron and sintered diamond tools with an iron-containing low-cobalt binder.Item Open Access Using circular economy principles to recycle materials in guiding the design of a wet scrubber-reactor for indoor air disinfection from coronavirus and other pathogens(Elsevier, 2021-02-12) Shishkin, Andrei; Goel, Gaurav; Baronins, Janis; Hoskins, Clare; Goel, SauravAn arduous need exists to discover rapid solutions to avoid the accelerated spread of coronavirus especially through the indoor environments like offices, hospitals, and airports. One such measure could be to disinfect the air, especially in indoor environments. The goal of this work is to propose a novel design of a wet scrubber-reactor to deactivate airborne microbes using circular economy principles. Based on Fenton’s reaction mechanism, the system proposed here will deactivate airborne microbes (bioaerosols) such as SARS-CoV-2. The proposed design relies on using a highly porous clay-glass open-cell structure as an easily reproducible and cheap material. The principle behind this technique is an in-situ decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into highly reactive oxygen species and free radicals. The high porosity of a tailored ceramic structure provides a high contact area between atomized oxygen, free radicals and supplied polluted air. The design is shown to comply with the needs of achieving sustainable development goals.