Browsing by Author "Collin, Thomas"
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Item Open Access Characterisation and energy assessment of fats, oils and greases (FOG) waste at catchment level(Cranfield University, 2019-07-15 16:18) Collin, Thomas; Cunningham, Rachel; Jefferson, Bruce; Villa, RaffaellaData collected from literature and experimental work for the characterisation of several fats, oils and greases (FOG) wastes. This repository also contains data used for the energy assessment of FOG.Item Open Access Characterisation and energy assessment of fats, oils and greases (FOG) waste at catchment level(Elsevier, 2020-01-13) Collin, Thomas; Cunningham, Rachel; Jefferson, Bruce; Villa, RaffaellaSeveral of the waste materials that have a negative impact on the sewer system are produced by fats, oils and greases (FOG) discharged from commercial and domestic kitchens. These materials accumulate at different points in the sewer catchment, from kitchens to pumping stations, sewers and sewage treatment works (STWs), and comprise oily wastewater, floating agglomerates and hard deposits. Despite their detrimental effects, these waste materials have a high calorific content and are an ideal feedstock for energy recovery processes. So far, the overall volume of each type of waste and their physical-chemical properties in relation to their collection point are unknown. However, from a management point of view, knowledge on each feedstock quality and volumes is necessary to develop an economic viable solution for their collection and for energy recovery purposes. In this study, FOG wastes collected from households, food service establishments (FSEs), sewage pumping stations, sewers and STWs, were compared to sewage sludge in terms of organic contents and energy potentials. As expected, FOG recovered at source (households and FSEs) were ‘cleaner’ and had a higher energy content. Once mixed with wastewater the materials changed in composition and lost some of their energy per unit mass. Our results showed that around 94,730 tonnes.year−1 of these materials could be recovered from the Thames Water Utilities’ catchment, one of the most populated in the UK. These materials could produce up to 222 GWh.year−1 as biogas, close to double of what is produced with sewage sludge digestion and around 19% of the company energy needs. Finally, even with over six million households in the catchment, the results showed that most of the FOG waste was produced by FSEs (over 48,000 premises) with an estimated average of 79,810 tonnes.year−1 compared to 14,920 tonnes.year−1 from private households. This is an important outcome as recovery from FSEs will be cheaper and easier if the company decides to implement a collection system for energy recovery.Item Open Access Energy potential of household fats, oils and grease (FOG) waste(Wiley, 2021-07-01) Collin, Thomas; Cunningham, Rachel; Deb, Melani; Villa, Raffaella; MacAdam, JitkaIn comparison to fats, oils and grease (FOG) found in commercial and industrial effluents, very little is known about FOG discharged at household level. To address this shortcoming, household FOG production was calculated following a year-long monthly collection at 2.3 kg/year per household, equivalent to 0.8 kg/year per capita. In the United Kingdom, these numbers translate in an annual estimated FOG production of 62 380 tonnes. Physico-chemical characterization of household FOG showed promising results for biodiesel production. Biomethane yield was measured at 875 mL CH4/g VSadded, twice as much that of sewage sludge, making it a desirable substrate for anaerobic digestion. It was thus estimated that energy recovery from household FOG through anaerobic co-digestion or biodiesel production could generate about 490 GWh/year in the United Kingdom. However, insights from participants revealed that most of this waste is currently not recovered, requiring the development of schemes fitting with households' routine to maximize collection rates.Item Open Access Evaluating the potential of domestic fats, oils and greases (FOG) for energy recovery(Cranfield University, 2020-01-22 15:40) Collin, Thomas; Cunningham, Rachel; Villa, Raffaella; MacAdam, Jitka; Jefferson, BruceExperimental data collected for the paper titled "Evaluating the potential of domestic fats, oils and greases (FOG) for energy recovery".Item Open Access Towards a risk ranking for improved management of discharges of fats, oils, and greases (FOGs) from food outlets(IWA Publishing, 2023-01-31) Collin, Thomas; Cunningham, Rachel; MacAdam, Jitka; Villa, Raffaella; Jefferson, Bruce; Jeffrey, PaulThe understanding of fats, oils, and greases (FOGs) pathways in commercial kitchens is relatively poor. In this contribution, we extend our understanding of how FOG is perceived and managed by those working within food service establishments (FSEs). A questionnaire (n = 107) exposes awareness of and experiences with FOG and characterises two important behaviours: kitchen appliance cleaning regimes and waste management practices. Findings demonstrate that awareness of issues caused by FOG in sewer networks is independent of job role or position and that a majority of respondents (74%) are acquainted with the impacts of poor FOG management. Application of a risk ranking approach revealed a low risk of emissions from waste frying oils and exposed behaviours which can serve to reduce FOG emission potential including pre-rinsing of plates and cleaning of fryers and extraction hoods. Critically, 69% of FSEs had no means of managing their FOG emissions. We conclude that sampled FSEs were generally unaware of the relative contribution of FOG sources, thereby limiting their ability to respond to the behavioural and technological options available for minimising its impact. The risk ranking developed in this paper could be used to suggest efforts to reduce and mitigate FOG emissions from FSEs.