Browsing by Author "Campos, L. C."
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Item Open Access Airborne biological hazards and urban transport infrastructure: current challenges and future directions(Springer Verlag, 2016-06-18) Nasir, Zaheer A.; Campos, L. C.; Christie, N.; Colbeck, I.Exposure to airborne biological hazards in an ever expanding urban transport infrastructure and highly diverse mobile population is of growing concern, in terms of both public health and biosecurity. The existing policies and practices on design, construction and operation of these infrastructures may have severe implications for airborne disease transmission, particularly, in the event of a pandemic or intentional release of biological of agents. This paper reviews existing knowledge on airborne disease transmission in different modes of transport, highlights the factors enhancing the vulnerability of transport infrastructures to airborne disease transmission, discusses the potential protection measures and identifies the research gaps in order to build a bioresilient transport infrastructure. The unification of security and public health research, inclusion of public health security concepts at the design and planning phase, and a holistic system approach involving all the stakeholders over the life cycle of transport infrastructure hold the key to mitigate the challenges posed by biological hazards in the twenty-first century transport infrastructureItem Open Access Environmental health and wildlife research with transnational education forebodings, applicability and approach(Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum, 2015-06-30) Ali, Z.; Colbeck, Ian; Campos, L. C.; Nasir, Zaheer A.; Ali, M.; Riaz, N.Pakistan, the sixth most populous country (91.71 million)in the world, is battling to keep the balance between economic growth and environmental protection. At present the government is mainly focusing on meeting the energy and food needs of the country and environmental protection is lacking serious attention. Pollution (air, water, and soil), sanitation and loss of wildlife and biodiversity are growing environmental health issues in Pakistan. In order to deliver demand led solutions to these multifaceted challenges development of institutional and technical capacities in the countryis prerequisite. Transnational Education (TNE) provides institutional mobility in tertiary education and through British Council facilitated links we were successful in developing a much needed baseline courses work and underway the research for environmental health related issues. The Government of Pakistan will certainly use the data from the research and experts will also be available to concerned departments to tackle emerging environmental problems. Additionally the understanding and concerns of TNE in academic, economic, career and socio-cultural contexts could be imperative challenges. Through TNE it was learned that other nations / regions can be benefitted from such institutes and concerned people for a true flow of knowledge for reciprocated problems. The recommendations include general considerations for policy makers which are linked with environmental health and wildlife. Among the general considerations, or overarching advice, is that policies should promote community-wide action to manage wildlife, biodiversity, environmental health and that the safety of new emissions and exposure with technologies must be assessed rather than estimated.Item Open Access Socio-environmental determinants of exposure to water and sanitation related hazards in Pakistan(Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum, 2015-06-30) Murtaza, F.; Nasir, Zaheer A.; Colbeck, Ian; Campos, L. C.Inadequate water and sanitation infrastructure leads to increased health risks to the population, in particular, children. The lack of access to improved water and sanitation facilities is a major cause of diarrheal diseases. At present, access to safe drinking water, improved sanitation facilities, good personal and food hygiene and health education are the main focus of intervention strategies. The knowledge on socio-environmental determinants of exposure to water and sanitation hazards can play a pivotal role supporting and guiding preventive measures for reducing the risk of exposure to water and sanitation related hazards. The present study was carried out to identify socio-environmental determinants of exposure to water and sanitation related hazards in Pakistan by taking the incidence of diarrhoea in under five years old as an archetypical disease of lack of access to improved water and sanitation facilities. A logit model has been used to predict the determinants of diarrhoea in under fives. The results indicate that household location, household size, number of children in the family, age of the mother, education of the mother, household head's employment, drinking water sources and toilet facility are important correlates of diarrhoea in children. The findings of the study may inform to prioritize the resource mobilization in capacity building towards designing the most effective prevention intervention strategies to reduce the risk of exposure to sanitation hazards.