Browsing by Author "Brighton, James"
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Item Open Access Aerogel/epoxy thermal coatings for carbon fibre reinforced plastic substrates(Taylor and Francis, 2019-01-20) Krishnaswamy, Suryanarayanan; Abhyankar, Hrushikesh; Marchante, Veronica; Huang, Zhaorong; Brighton, JamesThe present work studies an aerogel/epoxy composite that was dip coated onto a carbon fibre substrate by adding the aerogel at the 1 h and the 1.5 mark of the epoxy cure. Both coatings show decrease in thermal conductivity values (39% and 47% respectively) when compared to a pure epoxy coating. The coatings’ reflectance spectra also provided further evidence for the existence of the nano-pores within the aerogel particles. The aerogel coating was modelled using material properties from literature and solved using finite element methods. The model, which validated using experimental data, was then used to predict the coating’s performance in cyclic thermal loads. Additionally, coatings on a single surface- top and bottom; were also modelled and compared with the double coating system wherein it was seen that the double coating system had the lowest rate of temperature change and fluctuations at steady-state in contrast to the bottom coating which, showed the fastest drop in temperature as well as the highest fluctuations at steady state conditions. The performance of the top coating was in the middle.Item Open Access Charging characterization of a high‐capacity lithium‐sulfur pouch cell for state estimation–an experimental approach(Wiley, 2022-09-16) Shateri, Neda; Auger, Daniel J.; Fotouhi, Abbas; Brighton, JamesLithium-Sulfur (Li-S) battery is a next-generation technology, which is promising for applications that require higher energy density in comparison to the available lithium-ion batteries. Along with the ongoing research on Li-S cell material development and manufacturing to improve this technology, engineers are also working on Li-S battery management systems (BMS). The existing BMS algorithms, which are developed for lithium-ion batteries, are not useable for the Li-S mainly due to its constant voltage plateau during the discharge phase. As a result, the Li-S system has poor observability during discharge, which limits the BMS functionality that can be implemented from discharge information alone, and it is worth considering if information from charging is useful. In this study, the charging behavior of a high-capacity pouch cell is investigated and characterized for the purpose of state estimation in a BMS. Several tests are conducted on prototype Li-S cells at different temperatures and age levels. An online feature extraction method is then used in combination with a classification technique to estimate the cell's states during charging. The proposed charging estimators can provide accurate initialization for state estimation accuracy during discharge by providing good estimates of the post-charging state of charge (ie, around 3%) and capacity after fading (ie, around 2%).Item Open Access Chronological review of the catalytic progress of polylactic acid formation through ring opening polymerization(SCIENCEDOMAIN International, 2016-08-09) Dubey, Satya P.; Abhyankar, Hrushikesh; Marchante, Veronica; Brighton, James; Blackburn, KimThe disposal of a large amount of polymer waste is one of the major challenges of this century. Use of bio-degradable polymers obtained from sustainable sources presents a solution to this problem. Poly lactic acid (PLA), a bio-degradable polymer, can be synthesized from sustainable sources as corn, starch, sugarcane and chips. Ring opening polymerization (ROP) of Lactide (LA) monomer using metal/bimetallic catalyst (Sn, Zn or Al) is the preferred method for synthesis of PLA. However, the PLA synthesized using such catalysts may contain trace elements of the catalyst. These catalyst traces are known carcinogens and as such should be (ideally) eliminated from the process. Use of the organic catalyst instead of metallic catalysts, may be one of the prominent solutions. Organic catalysts require the higher energy of activation for the ROP reaction of LA. Such energy requirement can be achieved through the application of alternative energy during the reaction. Alternative energy sources such as LASER, Ultrasound and microwave are prominent options to implement and process the ROP of PLA. This paper is an effort to emphasize the chronological review and to establish the current state-of-the-art in the field of PLA research.Item Open Access Comparative analysis of RANS and DDES methods for aerodynamic performance predictions for high performance vehicles at low ground clearances(2023-04-21) Rijns, Steven; Teschner, Tom-Robin; Blackburn, Kim; Brighton, JamesVarious assessments of RANS and Hybrid RANS-LES turbulence models have been conducted for automotive applications. However, their applicability for high performance vehicles which exhibit much more complex flow phenomena is not well studied yet. In this work, the predictive capabilities of RANS and DDES models are investigated through a comparative study on a high performance configuration of the DrivAer Fastback model at a low ground clearance in an open road computational domain. The results show much agreement in the general pressure distribution, except in areas of highly unsteady flow. Visualisation of the flow field depicts that the DDES simulation is able to capture a wider range of turbulent scales with a higher fidelity. Lastly, variation in the magnitude, distribution and decay of pressure losses in the wake are observed between both simulations. The presented results are used to illustrate the capabilities and limitations of these turbulence models for other academic or industrial users to make an informed decision on the turbulence model suited for their objectives.Item Open Access Comparative analysis of various hyperelastic models and element types for finite element analysis(MDPI, 2023-11-22) Lin, Po-Sen; Le Roux de Bretagne, Olivier; Grasso, Marzio; Brighton, James; StLeger-Harris, Chris; Carless, OwenThis study aims to evaluate the precision of nine distinct hyperelastic models using experimental data sourced from the existing literature. These models rely on parameters obtained through curve-fitting functions. The complexity in finite element models of elastomers arises due to their nonlinear, incompressible behaviour. To achieve accurate representations, it is imperative to employ sophisticated hyperelastic models and appropriate element types and formulations. Prior published work has primarily focused on the comparison between the fitting models and the experimental data. Instead, in this study, the results obtained from finite element analysis are compared against the original data to assess the impact of element formulation, strain range, and mesh type on the ability to accurately predict the response of elastomers over a wide range of strain values. This comparison confirms that the element formulation and strain range can significantly influence result accuracy, yielding different responses in various strain ranges also because of the limitation with the curve fitting tools.Item Open Access Dataset DrivAer hp-F: Force Measurements at Various Rear Wing Angles of Attack(Cranfield University, 2024-04-30 10:36) Rijns, Steven; Teschner, Tom-Robin; Blackburn, Kim; Brighton, JamesDataset for the aerodynamic force measurements on the 35% scale DrivAer hp-F rear wing configuration using the moving ground facility in the 8x6 Wind Tunnel at Cranfield University. The dataset includes aerodynamic force coefficients results from the moving ground experiments on the DrivAer hp-F with rear wing angle of attack settings ranging from 0°-27.5°. The measurements have been conducted three times at each angle of attack setting for repeatability. In reference to the publication: Steven Rijns, Tom-Robin Teschner, Kim Blackburn, James Brighton; Effects of cornering conditions on the aerodynamic characteristics of a high-performance vehicle and its rear wing. Physics of Fluids 1 April 2024; 36 (4): 045119. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0204204 CAD files for the DrivAer hp-F rear wing configuration are available at: Rijns, Steven; Teschner, Tom-Robin; Blackburn, Kim; Ramos Proenca, Anderson; Brighton, James (2024). DrivAer hp-F: Spoiler & Rear Wing Configurations Geometry Pack. Cranfield Online Research Data (CORD). Dataset. https://doi.org/10.17862/cranfield.rd.25715202 'Item Open Access Dataset DrivAer hp-F: Force Measurements in Yaw Conditions(Cranfield University, 2024-04-30 10:34) Rijns, Steven; Teschner, Tom-Robin; Blackburn, Kim; Ramos Proenca, Anderson; Brighton, JamesDataset for the aerodynamic force measurements conducted on the 35% scale DrivAer hp-F model at various yaw angles in the 8x6 wind Tunnel at Cranfield University. The dataset includes aerodynamic force coefficients results from measurement on the following vehicle configurations: - DrivAer hp-F standard configuration (no spoiler or rear wing) - DrivAer hp-F spoiler configuration - DrivAer hp-F rear wing configuration The measurements on the DrivAer hp-F rear wing configuration have been conducted three times for repeability. In reference to the publication: Steven Rijns, Tom-Robin Teschner, Kim Blackburn, Anderson Ramos Proenca, James Brighton; Experimental and numerical investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics of high-performance vehicle configurations under yaw conditions. Physics of Fluids 1 April 2024; 36 (4): 045112. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0196979 CAD files for the DrivAer hp-F configurations are available at: Rijns, Steven; Teschner, Tom-Robin; Blackburn, Kim; Ramos Proenca, Anderson; Brighton, James (2024). DrivAer hp-F: Spoiler & Rear Wing Configurations Geometry Pack. Cranfield Online Research Data (CORD). Dataset. https://doi.org/10.17862/cranfield.rd.25715202Item Open Access Dataset DrivAer hp-F: Surface Pressure Measurements in Yaw Conditions(Cranfield University, 2024-04-30 10:42) Rijns, Steven; Teschner, Tom-Robin; Blackburn, Kim; Ramos Proenca, Anderson; Brighton, JamesDataset for the surface pressure measurements conducted on the 35% scale DrivAer hp-F model at various yaw angles in the 8x6 Wind Tunnel at Cranfield University. The dataset includes the surface pressure coefficient results from measurements on the slant of the following vehicle configurations: - DrivAer hp-F standard configuration (no spoiler or rear wing) - DrivAer hp-F spoiler configuration - DrivAer hp-F rear wing configuration The measurements on the DrivAer hp-F rear wing configuration have been conducted three times for repeatability. The dataset also includes a log file of the data structure and wind tunnel conditions for each experiment. In reference to the publication: Steven Rijns, Tom-Robin Teschner, Kim Blackburn, Anderson Ramos Proenca, James Brighton; Experimental and numerical investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics of high-performance vehicle configurations under yaw conditions. Physics of Fluids 1 April 2024; 36 (4): 045112. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0196979 CAD files for the DrivAer hp-F configurations are available at: Rijns, Steven; Teschner, Tom-Robin; Blackburn, Kim; Ramos Proenca, Anderson; Brighton, James (2024). DrivAer hp-F: Spoiler & Rear Wing Configurations Geometry Pack. Cranfield Online Research Data (CORD). Dataset. https://doi.org/10.17862/cranfield.rd.25715202Item Open Access Dataset DrivAer hp-F: Wake Total Pressure Measurements in Yaw Conditions(Cranfield University, 2024-04-30 10:39) Rijns, Steven; Teschner, Tom-Robin; Blackburn, Kim; Ramos Proenca, Anderson; Brighton, JamesDataset for the wake total pressure measurements conducted on the 35% scale DrivAer hp-F model at various yaw angles in the 8x6 Wind Tunnel at Cranfield University. The measurements are performed on the DrivAer hp-F rear wing configuration with an angle of attack of 15°. The dataset includes the total pressure coefficient results from measurements on the P1, P2, and P3 wake planes, which are located 400 mm, 700 mm, and 1000 mm downstream of the vehicle model respectively. Additionally, the horizontal and vertical measurements positions (in mm) are provided for each wake plane. A horizontal sweep on the P3 wake plane has been conducted three times for repeatability. In reference to the publication: Steven Rijns, Tom-Robin Teschner, Kim Blackburn, Anderson Ramos Proenca, James Brighton; Experimental and numerical investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics of high-performance vehicle configurations under yaw conditions. Physics of Fluids 1 April 2024; 36 (4): 045112. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0196979 CAD files for the DrivAer hp-F rear wing configuration are available at: Rijns, Steven; Teschner, Tom-Robin; Blackburn, Kim; Ramos Proenca, Anderson; Brighton, James (2024). DrivAer hp-F: Spoiler & Rear Wing Configurations Geometry Pack. Cranfield Online Research Data (CORD). Dataset. https://doi.org/10.17862/cranfield.rd.25715202Item Open Access DrivAer hp-F: Spoiler & Rear Wing Configurations Geometry Pack(Cranfield University, 2024-04-30 09:44) Rijns, Steven; Teschner, Tom-Robin; Blackburn, Kim; Ramos Proenca, Anderson; Brighton, JamesCAD geometry files for the 35% scale high-performance DrivAer model (DrivAer hp-F). The dataset includes CAD files for the: - DrivAer hp-F vehicle body, equipped with a 41 mm front bumper splitter, a full set of large forebody strakes, and a 10° underbody multichannel diffuser. - Rear wing with a NACA 6412 profile, chord of 110 mm, and span of 420 mm. - Spoiler with a plate size of 350 x 80 mm at a 40° angle of attack - Wheels (stationary and rotating) In reference to the publications: Steven Rijns, Tom-Robin Teschner, Kim Blackburn, Anderson Ramos Proenca, James Brighton; Experimental and numerical investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics of high-performance vehicle configurations under yaw conditions. Physics of Fluids 1 April 2024; 36 (4): 045112. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0196979 Steven Rijns, Tom-Robin Teschner, Kim Blackburn, James Brighton; Effects of cornering conditions on the aerodynamic characteristics of a high-performance vehicle and its rear wing. Physics of Fluids 1 April 2024; 36 (4): 045119. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0204204 This geometry pack uses components from the original DrivAer hp-F: the CAD geometry pack collection: Soares, Renan francisco; Olives, Sergio Goñalons; Knowles, Andrew Paul; Garry, Kevin; Holt, Jenny (2018). DrivAer hp-F: the CAD geometry pack. Cranfield Online Research Data (CORD). Collection. https://doi.org/10.17862/cranfield.rd.c.3969120Item Open Access A dual-cameras-based driver gaze mapping system with an application on non-driving activities monitoring(IEEE, 2019-09-13) Yang, Lichao; Dong, Kuo; Dmitruk, Arkadiusz Jan; Brighton, James; Zhao, YifanCharacterisation of the driver's non-driving activities (NDAs) is of great importance to the design of the take-over control strategy in Level 3 automation. Gaze estimation is a typical approach to monitor the driver's behaviour since the eye gaze is normally engaged with the human activities. However, current eye gaze tracking techniques are either costly or intrusive which limits their applicability in vehicles. This paper proposes a low-cost and non-intrusive dual-cameras based gaze mapping system that visualises the driver's gaze using a heat map. The challenges introduced by complex head movement during NDAs and camera distortion are addressed by proposing a nonlinear polynomial model to establish the relationship between the face features and eye gaze on the simulated driver's view. The Root Mean Square Error of this system in the in-vehicle experiment for the X and Y direction is 7.80±5.99 pixel and 4.64±3.47 pixel respectively with the image resolution of 1440 x 1080 pixels. This system is successfully demonstrated to evaluate three NDAs with visual attention. This technique, acting as a generic tool to monitor driver's visual attention, will have wide applications on NDA characterisation for intelligent design of take over strategy and driving environment awareness for current and future automated vehicles.Item Open Access The effect of temperature changes on to quasi-static tensile and flexural performance of glass fibre reinforced PA66 composites(Cranfield University Press, 2013-09-19) Butterworth, Ian; Abhyankar, Hrushikesh; Westwood, Keith; Njuguna, James; Brighton, James; Mouti, ZakariaA significant method of reducing CO2 emissions in road vehicles is to reduce the vehicle mass. One means in which this can be achieved is to adopt lightweight materials such as thermoplastic composites. Thermoplastics offer advantages in term of weight when compared to conventional steel and aluminium casting. In this study thermal mechanical testing has been conducted on two types of commercial polyamide 66 (PA66) with 35 wt.% short glass fibre reinforcement. One of the materials was impact modified with an elastomer to increase material toughness. Experimental results showed both the reinforced PA66 materials to be temperature dependent. All test results demonstrated the trade-off in the mechanical properties of the two materials especially the impact modified. PA66 with 35 wt.% short glass fibre exhibits the best tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus for each temperature tested. Whereas the impact modified PA66 with 35 wt.% short glass fibre exhibits the higher strain and toughness for each temperature tested.Item Open Access Effects of cornering conditions on the aerodynamic characteristics of a high-performance vehicle and its rear wing(American Institute of Physics (AIP), 2024-04-09) Rijns, Steven; Teschner, Tom-Robin; Blackburn, Kim; Brighton, JamesThis study investigates the aerodynamic behavior of a high-performance vehicle and the interaction with its rear wing in straight-line and steady-state cornering conditions. Analyses are performed with Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes based computational fluid dynamics simulations using a moving reference frame and overset mesh technique, validated against moving ground wind tunnel experiments. The results indicate a significant 20% decrease in downforce and 35% increase in drag compared to straight-line conditions at the smallest considered corner radius of 2.9 car-lengths. Downforce losses primarily stem from performance deficits on the underbody and rear wing, alongside elevated upper body lift. Drag penalties mainly result from additional pressure drag induced by a recirculation wake vortex generated behind the vehicle's inboard side. The vehicle's lateral pressure distribution is also affected, introducing a centripetal force that increases with smaller corner radii. Additionally, analyses of the rear wing reveal alternations of its aerodynamic characteristics in cornering, particularly impacting vortical flow and suction on the lower surface. Throughout the operating conditions, the rear wing's individual downforce contribution falls off beyond its stall angle. At higher angles of attack, the rear wing primarily generates downforce by pressurizing the vehicle's upper surfaces, but its interaction with the near-wake leads to a substantially increased pressure drag. Overall, these findings provide crucial insights into the intricate aerodynamic interactions of high-performance vehicles in diverse operating conditions as well as form an essential foundation for future research on static and active aerodynamic designs in the pursuit to optimize vehicle performance in dynamic driving conditions.Item Open Access Electrical and mechanical characterisation of poly(ethylene)oxide-polysulfone blend for composite structural lithium batteries(MDPI, 2023-06-05) Gucci, Francesco; Grasso, Marzio; Russo, Stefano; Leighton, Glenn J. T.; Shaw, Christopher; Brighton, JamesIn this work, a blend of PEO, polysulfone (PSF), and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSi) was prepared at different PEO–PSf weight ratios (70-30, 80-20, and 90-10) and ethylene oxide to lithium (EO/Li) ratios (16/1, 20/1, 30/1, and 50/1). The samples were characterised using FT-IR, DSC, and XRD. Young’s modulus and tensile strength were evaluated at room temperature with micro-tensile testing. The ionic conductivity was measured between 5 °C and 45 °C through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The samples with a ratio of PEO and PSf equal to 70-30 and EO/Li ratio equal to 16/1 have the highest conductivity (1.91 × 10−4 S/cm) at 25 °C, while the PEO–PSf 80-20 EO/Li = 50/1 have the highest averaged Young’s modulus of about 1.5 GPa at 25 °C. The configuration with a good balance between electrical and mechanical properties is the PEO–PSf 70-30 EO/Li = 30/1, which has a conductivity of 1.17 × 10−4 S/cm and a Young’s modulus of 800 MPa, both measured at 25 °C. It was also found that increasing the EO/Li ratio to 16/1 dramatically affects the mechanical properties of the samples with them showing extreme embrittlement.Item Open Access Experimental and numerical investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics of high-performance vehicle configurations under yaw conditions(AIP Publishing, 2024-04-05) Rijns, Steven; Teschner, Tom-Robin; Blackburn, Kim; Ramos Proenca, Anderson; Brighton, JamesThis study investigates the impact of yaw conditions on the aerodynamic performance and flow field of three high-performance vehicle model configurations by means of wind tunnel testing and unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes-based computational fluid dynamics simulations. While yaw effects on automotive vehicles have been explored, the effects on far more complex flow fields of high-performance vehicles remain insufficiently researched. This paper reveals that yaw conditions have a significant negative influence both downforce and drag performance. Spoiler and rear wing devices enhance downforce but increase the vehicle's sensitivity to yaw. Furthermore, yaw conditions significantly alter vortex structures and local flow velocities, affecting downstream flow behavior. Surface pressure measurements on the slant confirm these findings and highlight notable yaw effects and upstream effects from spoiler and rear wing devices. Wake analyses through total pressure measurements show that yaw induces a substantial deviation from straight-line wake characteristics, which become dominated by an inboard rotating vehicle body vortex. Overall, this research enhances the understanding of the effects of yaw conditions on high-performance vehicle aerodynamics and provides valuable data for future vehicle aerodynamics research in real-world operating conditions.Item Open Access An experimental study on prototype lithium-sulfur cells for ageing analysis and state-of-health estimation(IEEE, 2021-02-16) Shateri, Neda; Auger, Daniel J.; Fotouhi, Abbas; Brighton, JamesLithium-Sulfur (Li-S) batteries offer a potential for higher gravimetric energy density in comparison to lithium-ion batteries. Since they behave quite different from lithium-ion batteries, distinctive approaches to state estimation and battery management are required to be developed specifically for them. This paper describes an experimental work to model and perform real-time estimation of the progression of use-induced ageing in prototype Li-S cells. To do that, state-of-the-art 19 Ah Li-S pouch cells were subject to cycling tests in order to determine progressive changes in parameters of a nonlinear equivalent-circuit-network (ECN) model due to ageing. A state-of-health (SoH) estimation algorithm was then designed to work based on identifying ECN parameters using Forgetting-Factor Recursive Least Squares (FFRLS). Two techniques, nonlinear curve fitting and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification, were used to generate SoH values according to the identified parameters. The results demonstrate that Li-S cell’s SoH can be estimated with an acceptable level of accuracy of 96.7% using the proposed method under realistic driving conditions. Another important outcome was that the ‘power fade’ in Li-S cells happens at a much slower rate than the ‘capacity fade’ which is a useful feature for applications where consistency of power delivery is important.Item Open Access Flow visualization and particle dispersion measurements inside an ambulance rear saloon while stationary and in motion(SAE International, 2022-04-07) Lawson, Nicholas J.; Blackburn, Kim; Sherwood, Glenn; Brighton, James; Atkinson, Helen V.The following paper presents flow field and particle dispersion data from a UK National Health Service (NHS) ambulance, under static and dynamic driving conditions and when using different ventilation modes. Data was recorded using laser sheet flow visualisation, particle image velocimetry and hot wire anemometry, from a common plane positioned about the patient centreline. Results indicated a significant influence of the ceiling fan ventilation system on gross flow field behaviour, with the ventilation fan on extract or intake mode. With either ventilation mode, flow velocities in the patient region were found to double from a quiescent condition, to around 50mm/s – 100mm/s. Particle dispersion data also showed dispersion decay rates over five times faster when using the ceiling fan extraction system. All these results were consistent when the vehicle was stationary or driving at a constant speed of 60mph. However, with the vehicle under dynamic driving conditions, such as acceleration or braking, the regular flow patterns were substantially disrupted, with bulk movement of the flow in the direction of the acceleration or braking action. Under these dynamic conditions, the magnitude of the net velocity change on the fluid exceeded any flow generated from the ceiling ventilation system.Item Open Access The identification of non-driving activities with associated implication on the take-over process(MDPI, 2021-12-22) Yang, Lichao; Semiromi, Mahdi Babayi; Xing, Yang; Lv, Chen; Brighton, James; Zhao, YifanIn conditionally automated driving, the engagement of non-driving activities (NDAs) can be regarded as the main factor that affects the driver’s take-over performance, the investigation of which is of great importance to the design of an intelligent human–machine interface for a safe and smooth control transition. This paper introduces a 3D convolutional neural network-based system to recognize six types of driver behaviour (four types of NDAs and two types of driving activities) through two video feeds based on head and hand movement. Based on the interaction of driver and object, the selected NDAs are divided into active mode and passive mode. The proposed recognition system achieves 85.87% accuracy for the classification of six activities. The impact of NDAs on the perspective of the driver’s situation awareness and take-over quality in terms of both activity type and interaction mode is further investigated. The results show that at a similar level of achieved maximum lateral error, the engagement of NDAs demands more time for drivers to accomplish the control transition, especially for the active mode NDAs engagement, which is more mentally demanding and reduces drivers’ sensitiveness to the driving situation change. Moreover, the haptic feedback torque from the steering wheel could help to reduce the time of the transition process, which can be regarded as a productive assistance system for the take-over process.Item Open Access Implementation of a finite element modelling strategy for the prediction of aircraft tyre response(SAGE, 2023-03-11) Ramji, Amit; Grasso, Marzio; Chase, James; Maqbool, Hasher; Krypciak, Michal; Merchante, Veronica; Brighton, JamesThis paper presents the finite element modelling (FEM) strategy to identify the structural response of aircraft tyres under quasi-static and taxiing load conditions. The tyre FEM was developed to simulate the aircraft tyre/ground interaction for a range of inflation pressures under vertical, lateral, longitudinal, torsional, yawed and un-yawed rolling. A thorough comparison for validation purposes is made between the test and simulation data extracted from the FEM. The reinforcement plies of the tyres are modelled in a computationally efficient manner whilst also considering the variable fibre volume fractions and ply discontinuities within the tyre. The accurate material characterisation at coupon level combined with the overall modelling approach allowed most simulated responses to match the experimental stiffness within 12% against best fit curves of similar tyre types and within 5% for the majority of test comparisons.Item Open Access The implication of non-driving activities on situation awareness and take-over performance in level 3 automation(IEEE, 2020-11-18) Yang, Lichao; Semiromi, Mahdi Babayi; Auger, Daniel J.; Dmitruk, Arkadiusz; Brighton, James; Zhao, YifanThe driver's take-over performance is of great importance for driving safety in conditionally automated driving since the driver is required to respond appropriately to control the vehicle if there is a system failure. The engagement of different non-driving activities (NDAs), considered as the main factor of the driver's take-over performance has been investigated in this study from both perspectives of the driver's situation awareness and take-over quality. The activities are divided into 2 groups, which are active interaction mode and passive interaction mode based on the engagement of human and object. The results suggest that the engagement of NDAs could reduce the driver's situation awareness. Driver's attention level is different for each activity. Particularly, active interaction mode NDAs requests more mentally demanding and drivers are not sensitive to the driving situation change when they are doing such activities. In addition, there is no significant difference in the maximum lateral error with NDAs engagement. However, it takes more time to achieve a safe control transition for drivers who are doing the NDAs. The active interaction mode NDAs request even more time. Moreover, the transition process could benefit from steering wheel haptic feedback torque, which can be considered as an effective take-over assistance system.