Browsing by Author "Ball, Peter"

Now showing 1 - 15 of 15
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    Barriers to energy reduction in manufacturing
    (Cranfield University, 2012-11) Lunt, Peter A. V.; Ball, Peter
    Sustainability has become an important part of the culture of most organisations, with shareholders and customers demanding that companies operate in an environmentally responsible way. This research focuses specifically on one aspect of industrial sustainability: energy reduction in manufacturing. This research explores the management and organisational barriers within a manufacturing organisation, which prevent it from either implementing reductions in energy usage, or from realising the full benefit from them. The existence of these barriers is tested by collecting data on the perceptions of individuals within a UK facility belonging to a large aerospace manufacturing organisation, and by observing the progress of energy reduction projects in this facility. Data is collected through interview, questionnaire and by direct observation of the actors within this facility who are engaged in energy reduction activities. Three case studies are presented focusing on projects to reduce the energy consumed by the surface treatment and machining of aluminium aircraft parts. Building from the literature, a list of twenty barriers to energy reduction is developed and illustrated through these case studies. By analysing the narrative of these case studies it can be seen that these barriers are linked causally. This causality implies that a smaller number of key barriers will act as root causes of the larger list of barriers and is a main contribution of this work. The key barriers are found to be a lack of accountability and a lack of ownership. The causality is exploited by proposing that interventions to overcome these key barriers will remove or diminish the effect of the other barriers. The first intervention proposed is that objectives be set for Manufacturing Operations to ensure that it is functionally accountable for its energy consumption. The second intervention is that a focal point be nominated to own the resulting activities and be given appropriate resources to meet the objectives.
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    Capturing the Industrial Requirements of Set-Based Design for the CONGA Framework
    (2013-09-19T00:00:00Z) Al-Ashaab, Ahmed; Golob, Matic; Noriega, Paula; Torriani, Filippo; Alvarez, Pedro; Beltran, Ana; Busachi, Alessandro; Ex-Ignotis, Lambert; Rigatti, Carlotta; Sharma, Sanjiv; Shehab, Essam; Ball, Peter; Tjahjono, Benny
    The Configuration Optimisation of Next-Generation Aircraft (CONGA) is a proposed framework in a response to industrial need to enhance the aerospace capability in the UK. In order to successfully address this challenge, a need to develop a true multi-disciplinary Set-Based Design (SBD) capability that could deploy new technologies on novel configurations more quickly and with greater confidence was identified. This paper presents the first step towards the development of the SBD capabilities which is to elicit the industrial requirement of the SBD process for the key aerospace industrial partners involved in this CONGA approach.
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    Designing a research tool for sustainable aquaculture project
    (Springer, 2021-09-18) Yang, Miying; Luis, Martino; Hermawan, Dodi; Herlina, Lely; Nayak, Rakesh; Jensen, Jens; Choudhary, Sonal; Ball, Peter; Evans, Steve
    Many research projects require strong interactions between academics and practitioners. Academics often face the challenges of collecting sufficient, high-quality research data, while achieving the project aim and producing practical impact to industrial partners. This paper presents the design of a research tool for data collection that increases industrial engagement in a sustainable aquaculture project. The project aim was to explore digital solutions for improving sustainability of shrimp aquaculture industry in Indonesia. To better facilitate the data collection and industrial engagement, we adapt the life cycle thinking and multi-stakeholder concepts from an existing tool, known as Sustainable Value Analysis Tool, redesign the rationale, and develop a new research tool to meet the specific purposes of this project. The research tool is composed of three parts: mapping and clustering challenges, assessing challenges, and co-designing digital solutions. The research tool was used in a workshop with 12 industrial partners from various organizations across the aquaculture supply chains in Indonesia in August 2019. The findings show that the empirical data collected through this tool is richer and more comprehensive compared to semi-structured interviews, and that the use of the tool greatly improved the industrial engagement. The feedback from the industrial partners shows that the tool has effectively helped them engage in the research process and improved the communication between themselves. This paper therefore suggests that designing and using such research tools is an effective way for data collection and industrial engagement.
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    Diffusion of environmental and social sustainability practices across the supplier base
    (Cranfield University, 2016-11) Pimenta, Handson Claudio Dias; Ball, Peter; Salonitis, Konstantinos
    Significant literature on sustainable supply chain management exists but there is a lack of theory explaining diffusion of sustainability practices within the supplier base led by manufacturing firms. In particular diffusion theory is insufficiently developed to characterise the development of sustainability practices in suppliers. The purpose of this research is to establish the conditions for enhancing the diffusion of environmental and social sustainability practices across the supplier base from the buying firms’ perspective. The research design is based on a theory building strategy. The data analysis was carried out based on a triangulation of different sources of data (e.g. 30 interviews with directors or managers of four sustainability leading manufacturing firms from the beverage, cosmetic and textile sector, and an extensive array of documents) and cross-case analysis and application of diffusion of innovation theory (DoI). This research identified environmental and social practices diffused through supplier selection (implementation of requirements), performance assessment and development. This map of sustainability practices provides a unique perspective; hence it distinguishes practices diffused across different supply chain tiers, as well as the mechanism/initiatives employed to diffuse them. The findings suggested that more emphasis was given to environmental practices than social practices. In general, social practices were more related to compulsory level (e.g. human rights) and were evaluated (selection), monitored (performance) and diffused through development (especially educating initiatives) in both 1st tier and 2nd tier. Critical materials suppliers in the 2nd tier were more likely to be engaged by specific procurement teams through the selection, performance and development activities, especially with the aim of meeting compliance and improving performance. The findings also suggested that joint initiatives with critical industrial suppliers focused more on environmental practices. Diffusion of innovation theory was applied to consider different elements that have not been covered in the literature, for instance, emphasis on communication channels and social system elements. The rate of adoption of sustainability practices was directly affected by supporting suppliers in measuring and collaborating in implementing improvements plans, as well as intense educating initiatives. DoI provides a powerful lens to help explain the role of buying firms in the diffusion of sustainability practices. The research provided a more comprehensive view on how sustainability practices were diffused through the supplier selection, performance assessment and development. This work is the first instance of considering intra- and interorganisational factors in the same model for enhancing the diffusion of sustainability practices. Overall, this depicts patterns of the factors and points out the most critical variables influencing the implementation of sustainability practices across the supplier base. This research has the potential to serve as an analysis tool to uncover gaps in activity that could lead to greater adoption of sustainability practices by suppliers, as well as gathering good practice in a structured way.
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    Exploring the project management community paradigm and the role of performance prediction
    (Cranfield University, 2014-12) Halliburton, Richard; Ball, Peter
    ‘Project performance’ is the metric of delivering project objectives. This research is motivated by levels of project failure and the purpose of the research is to investigate improved project performance. The scientific spectrum is considered; arguing project management as a sub-field of management science based in ‘design science’. Despite research since the 1950s, there is no established community paradigm for project management, illustrated by multiple ‘schools of thought’ failing to stimulate performance improvement. This is investigated with respect to the changing nature of projects and their management; application in numerous industrial sectors, across increasing scope of the product lifecycle (including service projects), and the changing role of project managers as value adding ‘implementers’ rather than status ‘reporters’. Methodology examines the community paradigm and identifies the lack of community paradigm and argues that gap spotting is not appropriate. Conducting research that fills knowledge gaps does not identify underlying issues and reinforces fundamental failings. Underlying assumptions are identified and challenged. Key characteristics are examined in the context of requirements of the community paradigm. The purpose of theory is to describe, explain and predict. Some techniques describe and explain. Few, if any, predict. This locates ‘performance prediction’ as the research issue and suggests it is a missing function for performance improvement. The research focus considers single tasks within a project network. A research model of early stage deviation from plan is developed from the literature on project pathogens and incubation processes. ‘Deviation lifecycle’ as a project function is identified as having no previous evidence in literature. This is developed into a practice model extending the role of failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) and integrating weak signals and tipping point theory to test performance. Case studies examine representative application of the model and build on the previous cases to illustrate potential for practice. The case studies were reviewed by industrial experts. The changing role of project managers to value added implementers implies a need to improve performance. Research found potential to understand and predict early stage deviation and develops the deviation lifecycle and research model. Across the case studies the research model illustrated potential application. Practical implications indicate potential contribution of project management techniques based on prediction rather than traditional reporting. Developing the community paradigm based on design science is discussed as further work. The originality of the research challenges the lack of theoretical foundation for project management by discussion of the community paradigm and proposes design science as a candidate. The work identifies ‘prediction’ as a relevant but missing function from the project management ‘toolbox’, and introduces the concept of the deviation lifecycle and note no previous literature. The research develops an industrial research model that extends the application of FMEA to examine ‘performance’ and integrates weak signals and tipping point analysis to manage the resolution.
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    Factory eco-efficiency modelling: data granularity and performance indicators
    (Elaevier, 2017-03-20) Davé, Aanand; Ball, Peter; Salonitis, Konstantinos
    Eco-efficiency is becoming an increasingly important performance measure. Currently manufacturers rely on reactive methods such as auditing for assessment. There are still significant theoretical and practical barriers including a lack of knowledge regarding the selection and composition of appropriate data granularities, model quality to improve decision making, and split incentives between facilities and manufacturing asset management. The purpose of this paper is to show the application of an eco-efficiency modelling framework in the case of a fast-moving consumer goods factory. The framework composes resource and production data. These are analysed with respect to three data granularity factors, asset subdivision, time-step, and resource magnitude. Modelling is used to represent asset eco-efficiency across available subdivisions using performance indicators.
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    Integrating product lifecycle management systems with maintenance information across the supply chain for root cause analysis
    (Cranfield University, 2014-08) Madenas, Nikolaos; Tiwari, Ashutosh; Ball, Peter; Turner, Christopher J.
    Purpose: The purpose of this research is to develop a system architecture for integrating PLM systems with maintenance information to support root cause analysis by allowing engineers to visualise cross supply chain data in a single environment. By integrating product-data from PLM systems with warranty claims, vehicle diagnostics and technical publications, engineers were able to improve the root cause analysis and close the information gaps. Methodology: The methodology was divided in four phases and combined multiple data collection approaches and methods depending on each objective. Data collection was achieved through a combination of semi-structured interviews with experts from the automotive sector, by studying the internal documentation and by testing the systems used. The system architecture was modelled using UML diagrams. Findings: The literature review in the area of information flow in the supply chain and the area of root cause analysis provides an overview of the current state of research and reveals research gaps. In addition, the industry survey conducted, highlighted supply chain issues related to information flow and the use of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) systems. Prior to developing the system architecture, current state process maps were captured to identify challenges and areas of improvement. The main finding of this research is a novel system architecture for integrating PLM systems with maintenance information across the supply chain to support root cause analysis. This research shows the potential of PLM systems within the maintenance procedures by demonstrating through the integration of PLM systems with warranty information, vehicle diagnostics and technical publications, that both PD engineers and warranty engineers were benefited. The automotive experts who validated the system architecture recognised that the proposed solution provides a standardised approach for root cause analysis across departments and suppliers. To evaluate the applicability of the architecture in a different industry sector, the proposed solution was also tested using a case study from the defence sector. Originality/Value: This research addressed the research gaps by demonstrating that: i) A system architecture can be developed to integrate PLM systems with maintenance information to allow the utilisation of knowledge and data across the product lifecycle; ii) Network can be treated as a virtual warehouse where maintenance data are integrated and shared within the supply chain; iii) Product data can be utilised in conjunction with maintenance information to support warranty and product development engineers; iv) Disparate pieces of data can be integrated where later data mining techniques could potentially be applied.
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    Lean Product Development Performance Measurement Tool
    (2013-09-19T00:00:00Z) Al-Ashaab, Ahmed; Petritsch, Christoph; Gourdin, Mathilde; Aliende, Usue Aliende; Andino, Alberto; Varro, Brigitta; Rigatti, Carlotta; Golob, Matic; Summers, Mark; El-Nounu, Abdulrahman; Kayani, Amir; Shehab, Essam; Ball, Peter; Tjahjono, Benny
    The need of applying lean thinking to product development is becoming a must for the organisations to success in the current industry. This paper presents a tool that helps to define the actual status of the organisations in relation to the lean principles. Extensive literature highlighted the need of developing a tool focused on assessing the implementation of lean principles themselves, rather than quantitate metrics. Based on the Balanced Scorecard, four perspectives, with corresponding set of questions, were defined reflecting the enablers of the product development model proposed by the LeanPPD European project. A five-level scale was customised to score the different readiness levels that define the transformation into a full lean implementation. The tool was used to assess the current and desired lean situation of an aerospace company within the research environment and resulted to be accurate to define the starting condition of the company to adopt leaner practices.
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    The Regenerative Lens: a conceptual framework for regenerative social-ecological systems
    (Elsevier, 2023-07-21) Buckton, Sam J.; Fazey, Ioan; Sharpe, Bill; Om, Eugyen Suzanne; Doherty, Bob; Ball, Peter; Denby, Katherine; Bryant, Maria; Lait, Rebecca; Bridle, Sarah; Cain, Michelle; Carmen, Esther; Collins, Lisa; Nixon, Nicola; Yap, Christopher; Connolly, Annie; Fletcher, Ben; Frankowska, Angelina; Gardner, Grace; James, Anthonia; Kendrick, Ian; Kluczkovski, Alana; Mair, Simon; Morris, Belinda; Sinclair, Maddie
    Societies must transform their dynamics to support the flourishing of life. There is increasing interest in regeneration and regenerative practice as a solution, but also limited cohered understanding of what constitutes regenerative systems at social-ecological scales. In this perspective we present a conceptual, cross-disciplinary, and action-oriented regenerative systems framework, the Regenerative Lens, informed by a wide literature review. The framework emphasizes that regenerative systems maintain positive reinforcing cycles of wellbeing within and beyond themselves, especially between humans and wider nature, such that “life begets life.” We identify five key qualities needed in systems to encourage such dynamics: an ecological worldview embodied in human action; mutualism; high diversity; agency for humans and non-humans to act regeneratively; and continuous reflexivity. We apply the Lens to an envisioned future food system to illustrate its utility as a reflexive tool and for stretching ambition. We hope that the conceptual clarity provided here will aid the necessary acceleration of learning and action toward regenerative systems.
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    Supply chain environmental and social sustainability practice diffusion: Bibliometrics, content analysis and conceptual framework
    (Wiley, 2021-07-28) Pimenta, Handson Claudio Dias; Ball, Peter; Salonitis, Konstantinos
    The purpose of this paper is to uncover how environmental and social sustainability practices are diffused across the supply chain tiers through supplier development initiatives. In particular, the work seeks to uncover the initiatives developed directly or indirectly by manufacturing firms and the factors that enhance them. A systematic literature review is used to examine the breadth of the sustainable supply chain literature. The papers obtained are screened and analysed using established procedures to produce bibliometric and thematic analyses. The findings show the evolution of this young field around key research groups with few papers looking beyond focal firms to immediate suppliers and even fewer examining multiple tiers. Whilst numerous organisational factors are identified, few works consider most of them together and none capture their interrelationships at such breadth. Within this field lacking in theory, the originality of the work is the assembly of environmental and social practices into an integrated framework for their diffusion across supply chain tiers in the design and implementation of supplier development initiatives. There is recognition of where in the supply chain these practices are applied. The implications of this research are a framework around which supply chain diffusion theory can be tested and subsequent potential for its deployment in business to guide sustainable practice adoption.
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    Sustainable manufacturing tactics and improvement methodology : a structured and systematic approach to identify improvement opportunities
    (Cranfield University, 2013-04) Despeisse, Melanie; Ball, Peter
    Growing environmental concerns caused by increasing consumption of natural resources and pollution need to be addressed. Manufacturing dictates the efficiency with which resource inputs are transformed into economically valuable outputs in the form of products and services. Consequently it is also responsible for the resulting waste and pollution generated from this transformation process. This research explored the challenges faced by sustainable manufacturing as a concept and as a model for manufacturing systems. The work is strongly based on the concepts of sustainability and industrial ecology applied at factory level. The research objectives were to understand what companies are doing to improve their sustainability performance at operational level (resource productivity) and to help other companies repeating such improvements in their own factory. In other words, the aim is to generalise sustainable practices across the manufacturing industry. The work started with a review of existing theories and practices for sustainable manufacturing and other related fields of research such as industrial ecology, cleaner production and pollution prevention. The concepts, themes, strategies and principles found in the literature provided a strong foundation to approach resource productivity improvements. The industrial cases collected gave an insight into the application of these strategies and principles in a factory. From the analysis of existing theories and practices, generic tactics were developed by translating 1000+ practices into generic rules and by mapping them against strategies and principles for sustainable manufacturing to check the completeness and consistency of the tactics library. To test the tactics and assist the user in their use through factory modelling, an improvement methodology was developed based on the same strategies and principles to provide a structured guide for accessing tactics and systematically identifying improvement opportunities. The research findings were tested with a series of prototype applications. These tests were carried out as part of a wider project (THERM). This project uses a modelling and simulation approach to capture the resource flows (material, energy, water and waste), the interactions within the manufacturing system (manufacturing operations, surrounding buildings and supporting facilities) and the influence of external factors‘ variation (weather conditions, building orientation and neighbouring infrastructures). The outcomes of the prototype applications helped develop and refine the research findings. The contribution to knowledge of this research resides in bridging the gap between high-level concepts for sustainability and industrial practices by developing a library of tactics to generalise sustainable manufacturing practices and an improvement methodology to guide the tactics implementation. From a practical viewpoint, the research provides a structured and systematic approach for manufacturers to undertake the journey towards more sustainable practice by improving resource flows in their factory.
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    Transformations to regenerative food systems - an outline of the FixOurFood project
    (Wiley, 2021-12-12) Doherty, Bob; Bryant, Maria; Denby, Katherine; Fazey, Ioan; Bridle, Sarah; Hawkes, Corinna; Cain, Michelle; Banwart, Steven; Collins, Lisa; Pickett, Kate; Allen, Myles R.; Ball, Peter; Gardner, Grace; Carmen, Esther; Sinclair, Maddie; Kluczkovski, Alana; Ehgartner, Ulrike; Morris, Belinda; James, Anthonia; Yap, Christopher; Om, Eugyen Suzanne; Connolly, Annie
    This paper provides an outline of a new interdisciplinary project called FixOurFood, funded through UKRI’s ‘Transforming UK food systems’ programme. FixOurFood aims to transform the Yorkshire food system to a regenerative food system and will work to answer two main questions: (1) What do regenerative food systems look like? (2) How can transformations be enabled so that we can achieve a regenerative food system? To answer these questions, FixOurFood will work with diverse stakeholders to change the Yorkshire food system and use the learning to inform change efforts in other parts of the UK and beyond. Our work will focus on shifting trajectories towards regenerative dynamics in three inter-related systems of: healthy eating for young children, hybrid food economies and regenerative farming. We do this by a set of action-orientated interventions in schools and the food economy, metrics, policies and deliverables that can be applied in Yorkshire and across the UK. This article introduces the FixOurFood project and concludes by assessing the potential impact of these interventions and the importance we attach to working with stakeholders in government, business, third sector and civil society.
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    Transformative action towards regenerative food systems: a large-scale case study
    (PLOS (Public Library of Science), 2024-11-21) Buckton, Sam J.; Fazey, Ioan; Doherty, Bob; Bryant, Maria; Banwart, Steven A.; Carmen, Esther; Connolly, Annie; Denby, Katherine; Kendrick, Ian; Sharpe, Bill; Wade, Ruth N.; Ball, Peter; Bridle, Sarah; Gardner, Grace; James, Anthonia; Morris, Belinda; Stewart, Sophie; Bremner, Myles; Chapman, Pippa J.; Cordero, Juan Pablo; Geertsema, Henk; Nixon, Nicola; Om, Eugyen Suzanne; Sinclair, Maddie; Thornton, Jan; Yap, Christopher; Arnott, Dave; Cain, Michelle; Ehgartner, Ulrike; Fletcher, Ben; Garry, Jack; Hawkes, Corinna; Kluczkovski, Alana; Lait, Rebecca; Lovett, Adrian; Pickett, Kate E.; Reed, Melanie; Atkinson, Nathan; Black, Fiona; Blakeston, Mark; Burton, Wendy; Defeyter, Margaret Anne; Duncan, Naomi; Eastwood, Glynn; Everson, Ruth; Frankowska, Angelina; Frenneux, Tim; Gledhill, Dave; Goodwin, Sian; Holden, Harry; Ingle, Helen; Kane, Allison; Newman, Rebecca; Parry, Christine; Robertshaw, Victoria; Scrope, Tom; Sellstrom, Phillippa; Slater, Stephanie; Smith, Kim; Stacey, Ruth; Stott, Gary; Trickett, Alastair; Wilson, Jessica
    We urgently need to foster regenerative food systems that mutually reinforce human and ecological health. However, we have limited understanding of the action pathways that could encourage the emergence of such systems. Here we report on an extensive Three Horizons futures process, conducted with diverse participation from food system researchers and practitioners, to identify core domains of action for transforming the food system of Yorkshire, UK, towards a regenerative future. After establishing the contrast between the current degenerative and envisioned future regenerative food system, six core action domains were identified that require support to enable transformation: 1) enhancing supply chain connectivity and innovation to support diverse hybrid business ecosystems; 2) scaling environmentally beneficial and regenerative farming; 3) empowering citizens to reshape food demand; 4) providing trusted, accessible knowledge support for standards and incentives; 5) supporting schools and young people as drivers of long-term change; and 6) ensuring coordination and mutual support across domains. Our results highlight the importance of efforts to cohere synergic action, ambitious visioning, and addressing issues of power. Overall, our study sets an ambitious standard for co-developing action priorities to encourage regenerative futures.
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    Understanding the effects of different levels of product monitoring on maintenance operations: A simulation approach
    (Cranfield University, 2013-10) Alabdulkarim, Abdullah A.; Ball, Peter
    The move towards integrating products and services has increased significantly. As a result, some business models, such as Product Service Systems (PSS) have been developed. PSS emphasises the sale of use of the product rather than the sale of the product itself. In this case, product ownership lies with the manufacturers/suppliers. Customers will be provided with a capable and available product for their use. In PSS, manufacturers/suppliers are penalised for any down time of their product according to the PSS contract. This has formed a pressure on the service providers (maintenance teams) to assure the availability of their products in use. This pressure increases as the products are scattered in remote places (customer locations). Authors have urged that different product monitoring levels are applied to enable service providers to monitor their products remotely allowing maintenance to be performed accordingly. They claim that by adopting these monitoring levels, the product performance will increase. Their claim is based on reasoning, not on experimental/empirical methods. Therefore, further experimental research is required to observe the effect of such monitoring levels on complex maintenance operations systems as a whole which includes e.g. product location, different types of failure, labour and their skills and locations, travel times, spare part inventory, etc. In the literature, monitoring levels have been classified as Reactive, Diagnostics, and Prognostics. This research aims to better understand and evaluate the complex maintenance operations of a product in use with different levels of product monitoring strategies using a Discrete Event Simulation (DES) approach. A discussion of the suitability of DES over other techniques has been provided. DES has proven its suitability to give a better understanding of the product monitoring levels on the wider maintenance system. The requirements for simulating a complex maintenance operation have been identified and documented. Two approaches are applied to gather these generic requirements. The first is to identify those requirements of modelling complex maintenance operations in a literature review. This is followed by conducting interviews with academics and industrial practitioners to find out more requirements that were not captured in the literature. As a result, a generic conceptual model is assimilated. A simulation module is built through the Witness software package to represent different product monitoring levels (Reactive, Diagnostics, and Prognostics). These modules are then linked with resources (e.g. labour, tools, and spare parts). To ensure the ease of use and rapid build of such a complex maintenance system through these modules, an Excel interface is developed and named as Product Monitoring Levels Simulation (PMLS). The developed PMLS tool needed to be demonstrated and tested for tool validation purposes. Three industrial case studies are presented and different experimentations are carried out to better understand the effect of different product monitoring levels on the complex maintenance operations. Face to face validation with case companies is conducted followed by an expert validation workshop. This work presents a novel Discrete Event Simulation (DES) approach which is developed to support maintenance operations decision makers in selecting the appropriate product monitoring level for their particular operation. This unique approach provides numerical evidence and proved that the higher product monitoring level does not always guarantee higher product availability.
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    Zero carbon manufacturing through process flow modelling
    (2012-10-16) Despeisse, Melanie; Ball, Peter; Evans, Steve; Levers, Andy
    The pressure on natural resources and emerging environmental legislation are leading manufacturers to adopt solutions to reduce their environmental impact, thereby becoming more sustainable, while enhancing competitiveness. Current approaches in this area are fragmented and clustered around technologies rather than around processes that link the technologies together. There is a need to better understand material, energy and waste (MEW) flows, as well as the interaction between processes in a manufacturing facility from a systemic viewpoint. This paper presents an approach using process flow modelling in order to help manufacturers to identify potential improvements to progress towards competitive sustainable manufacturing. Ultimately they could reach zero carbon manufacturing (ZCM) by having zero material resource degradation, zero net energy demand and zero waste across the system.