Browsing by Author "Azami, Muhammad Hanafi"
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Item Open Access Modelling the performance and emission prediction of RB211 aero-gas turbine engine fuelled by Jatropha-based biofuel(IOP Publishing: Conference Series / IOP Publishing, 2019-04-30) Azami, Muhammad Hanafi; Noorazman, Zahid; Savill, Mark; Li, Yi-Guang; Hilmi, Mohd RaziFossil fuel is one of the world vital energy resources. The development of transportation technologies increases the demand for petroleum derivative globally. Fossil fuel consumption produces emissions, which potentially harm the environment and human health. Many mitigations have been implemented to address the two main crises; the energy scarcity and environmental calamity. This paper will discuss on one of the potential solutions by analyzing the performance and emission prediction of aero-gas turbine engine fuelled by Jatropha-based biofuel. Performance analysis was made based on the thrust and specific fuel consumptions at different blended ratio percentages for various flight conditions. The three-shaft high-bypass-ratio engine model, which is identical to the Rolls Royce RB211-524 was used to model in an in-house Cranfield's University software, PYTHIA. PYTHIA is integrated with the TURBOMATCH performance evaluation programme by iterating the mass and energy balance for each engine component. The analysis is then continued to predict Nitrogen Oxides emission index (EINOx) at every flight conditions using an in-house Cranfield's University computer tool, HEPHAESTUS. HEPHAESTUS is an emission prediction software by using Zel'Dovich equations (for NOx) and models the emission by implementing a partially-stirred reactor (PSR) model and perfectly stirred reactor (PSRS) models at different zones in the combustor. Validation showed that HEPHAESTUS is able to capture a reasonable prediction as compared to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) databank. The performance the biofuel has shown an improvement in engine performance at higher percentage blended ratio but also increase the nitrous oxide indices emission slightlyItem Open Access Modelling the performance of aero-gas turbine engine using algae-based biofuel with emission prediction(IOP Publishing: Conference Series / IOP Publishing, 2019-04-30) Azami, Muhammad Hanafi; Zaki, Muhamad; Savill, Mark; Li, YiguangThe world oil consumption is at the peak where the fuel price is insubstantial and can increase dramatically due to economic, social, and political factors andunprecedentedstability.Since fuel resourcesare scarce, it is an urgent need to find alternative fuel. Biofuel is one of the favorable choices in the market. Algae-based biofuel is the fourth generation of biofuel where it does not compete with the food production and it has myriad of advantages.These abundant algae are easy to cultivate and researchers found that algae-based biofuel is capable of reducing engine emission. This paper modelled the RB211aero-gas turbine engine by utilizing algae-based biofuel with various blended percentageratios at different flight conditions. Cranfield’s University in-house software, PYTHIA,and HEPHAESTUSare used to model the engine performance and emission prediction respectively.PYTHIA programme uses a modified Newton-Raphson convergence technique in the zero-dimensional steady-state model for both design and off-design conditions. Meanwhile, HEPHAESTUSsoftware uses the Zeldovich equations (for NOx) and models the emission by implementing a partially-stirred reactor (PSR) model and perfectly stirred reactor (PSRS) models at different zones in the combustor.Results have shown that thrust force produced is increasing at higher blended percentage ratio of algae biofuel. Through emission analysisprediction, generally,the nitrous oxide emission formation is lower at a higher altitude during the cruising. Results also predicted that higher percentage blended ratio of algae biofuel also reduces the emission formation.Item Open Access Pulse detonation assessment for alternative fuels(MDPI, 2017-03-15) Azami, Muhammad Hanafi; Savill, Mark A.The higher thermodynamic efficiency inherent in a detonation combustion based engine has already led to considerable interest in the development of wave rotor, pulse detonation, and rotating detonation engine configurations as alternative technologies offering improved performance for the next generation of aerospace propulsion systems, but it is now important to consider their emissions also. To assess both performance and emissions, this paper focuses on the feasibility of using alternative fuels in detonation combustion. Thus, the standard aviation fuels Jet-A, Acetylene, Jatropha Bio-synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene, Camelina Bio-synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene, Algal Biofuel, and Microalgae Biofuel are all asessed under detonation combustion conditions. An analytical model accounting for the Rankine-Hugoniot Equation, Rayleigh Line Equation, and Zel’dovich–von Neumann–Doering model, and taking into account single step chemistry and thermophysical properties for a stoichiometric mixture, is applied to a simple detonation tube test case configuration. The computed pressure rise and detonation velocity are shown to be in good agreement with published literature. Additional computations examine the effects of initial pressure, temperature, and mass flux on the physical properties of the flow. The results indicate that alternative fuels require higher initial mass flux and temperature to detonate. The benefits of alternative fuels appear significant.Item Open Access Towards optimisation for Novel Brayton cycles and biofuels for reducing engine emission.(2017-07) Azami, Muhammad Hanafi; Savill, Mark A.; Kipouros, TimoleonAviation industries potentially contribute to the vulnerable energy crisis and simultaneously pose environmental concerns. With the stringent policies and targeted plans, it has been found that drop-in biofuels could potentially offer solutions but that alternative combustor technologies may also be required to meet new 2050 target. The purpose of this research was thus to evaluate the feasibility of the biofuels in both conventional and pressure-rise gas turbine engine to obtain the best trade-off between performance and emission. The investigated contents encompass the evaluation of biofuels (spray analysis, engine performance analysis, and zero-dimensional detonation analysis) and emission analysis. Spray analysis modelled the atomization and spray penetration of the droplets and comparisons have been made at different injection conditions. It was found that biofuels have shorter penetration length and could potentially encourage soot formation. Subsequently, engine performance analysis utilizes an in-house software, PYTHIA, for modelling a three-shaft high-bypass-ratio engine, similar to RB211 variant at various off-design conditions using biofuels was studied. Results showed that Jatropha and Camelina biofuels potentially increase the engine performance. Further analysis is conducted utilizing Zel’dovich–von Neumann–Doering modelling of shock waves in detonative combustion. Results prominently exhibit high thermodynamic efficiency in isochoric heat addition. Focusing on NOx formation, an emission analysis was carried out for both combustors separately using an in-house HEPHAESTUS emission model prediction. Biofuels have shown NOx reductions for both combustors. Finally, the research brings together all the analyses and a trade-off assessment is conducted. Small reductions were found in the key objectives considered over the design space investigated. In the spray analysis, the contribution lies on the modelling of evaporation and penetration of third generation biofuel droplets. In gas engine performance, this research has contributed to a wider off-design engine flight cycles utilizing these third generations of biofuels. Moreover, detonative combustion in a simplified model by utilizing one-step chemistry over various initial conditions are also added the benefaction of this research.