The coarse columnar β grains in Ti-6Al-4V WAAM can be refined by relatively low strain inter-pass deformation. Simulation, with rapid heating, has shown this may partly occur by a novel recrystallization mechanism that ...

Directed energy high deposition-rate additive manufacturing processes involve a larger melt pool diameter (∼5–10 mm) and layer height (1–2 mm) than powder bed technologies, which generally leads to greater microstructural ...